Dance, Girl, Dance Essay

Dance, Girl, Dance is a film from the Classical Hollywood period that presents a complicated reading when viewed by dint of a feminist lens. The 1940 film was enjoin by Dorothy Arzner, one of the most nonable young-bearing(prenominal) directors and the only giving woman in Hollywood at that time. Arzner presents her audience with an array of fe manful characters, the main characters being Judy Obrien and Bubbles/Tiger Lily White. Judy is a dedicated dancer, honing her talents as a ballerina. Bubbles, on the other hand, uses her tactile propertys and sexuality to land commercial enterprises as a burlesque dancer.Dance, Girl, Dance reveals these characters experience in a dance society with several other girls. When the troupe disbands, Bubbles comes to offer Judy a humiliating job as her stooge. As tensions rise, the two eventually come to blows, quite literally, when some(prenominal) fall for the same man, appreciate Harris. Through their relationship with each other and with men, a active is defined that gives in mound into the power of the male stare and sexual politics, not only in the film and too in society at large in the context of mid-thirties America.This great deal be seen in the analysis of a particular photo near the beginning of the film. Judy and one of her roommates, Sally, are preparing for jazz after their cognitive operation at the darknessclub in the opening scene. Bubbles, their third roommate, arrives at interior(a) after a disappointing outing with jimmy. This scene specifically highlights the personal line of credit between the personalities of Judy and Bubbles, and speaks to the many ways female characters are coded based on their sexuality and appearance. The analysis of the scene begins at the moment Bubbles enters the room.She comes into the frame through the thresholdway in a medium snatch. It is important to note her costume, as it speaks to her character. She is wearing makeup, jewelry, a fox fur stole aro und her shoulders and a fea at that placed hat. One may get the impression that she is trying to look as glamorous or ostentatious as possible on her limited budget. At this point, Bubbles has already been partly established as a brash woman who does not shy away from her ability to deplume men. This can be contrasted with Judys costume during this scene, modest button-up pajamas. The scene continues as Bubbles enters the tiny apartment.She turns on the light, when Judy whispers that Sally is asleep from off camera. Bubbles leaves the light on, looks spile at Sally in the bed, and proceeds to loudly close the door man muttering So, what? As she delivers her dialogue, the camera follows her as she walks to her bed, panning over to allow Judy in a two chap. One key element in this simple interaction is the difference of attitude toward female solidarity between Bubbles and Judy. Judy seemingly cares to not disturb Sally, while Bubbles seems disappointed and only upkeeped with her give birth problems at this point.Then, the camera cuts to a close shot of Sally fiction in bed, smiling and clearly awake. She then closes her eyes and continues to try and sleep, exposition her unimportant to the rest of the scene. The next cut brings us posterior to a long, two shot of Bubbles and Judy as they discuss what happened to Bubbles that evening. Bubbles is explaining how she had gone out with Jimmy, but he suddenly left her at the bar after giving her a little stuffed diddly-squat. In this shot, Bubbles is in the foreground, a little enveloping(prenominal) to the camera than Judy, making her appear slightly larger.This could be interpreted as signifying her social dominance over Judy, and the fact that she stole Jimmy from Judy in front that evening. Bubbles dismissively tosses the bull onto a chair in front of Judy. Judy picks it up, stating Its cute. Bubbles tells her that she can have it. The audience is clearly meant to get the impression that the token of the night has no significance to Bubbles, and she is merely disappointed that she could not add Jimmy to her list of men to dote on her occasionally.The camera stays stationary as Bubble walks to the background of the shot and sits on her bed. Judy gently places the bull back on the chair, already showing signs of her eventual fetishization of the bull and Jimmy. Then, she continues to bender and stretch her legs, as Bubbles pouts behind her. It is interestingnessing to point out that as Judy resumes her exercises, she has gained the high ground of the shot. The reminder of her status as a dancer, a more artful and talented dancer than Bubbles, means she is the larger, more substantive character in the frame now.The focus has moved from Bubbles proficiency as a female spectacle, completely at home under the male gaze, to Judys proficiency as a ballerina, with no real concern for superficial male attention. Then, this is reinforced when there is a cut to a medium shot of Bubbl es, looking at Judy. The camera follows Bubbles line of sight and there is a quick cut to a medium shot of Judy, then it reverses back to the shot of Bubbles on her bed, shaking her organize. She takes, Ill say one thing for you, Pavlova.Youve certainly got ambition, even if its dumb. As she says this, Judys foot briefly enters from the side of the frame as she kicks her leg. Once again, Bubbles is coded as having no passion for her craft as a dancer, seeing it as a means to an end of attracting men and/or making money, while Judy genuinely loves to dance. One way of reading the film is through the vestige that Judys ballet is high art, while Bubbles burlesque is low art. In the world of the Dance, Girl, Dance, women utilizing their sexuality for physical and financial gratification given by men is deemed less valuable than artistic expression.What follows is a short series of counter shots between the two, as Bubbles ponders how she will get back to raw York, going through her list of male suitors to find a upshot to her dilemma. On a surface level, this shows that Bubbles needs men to get where she is going, whether it is for a trip to New York or a trip to stardom as they buy tickets to her shows later in the film. The scene comes to a close as Bubbles decides on Sam, the traveling salesman that is sweet on her. As this line is delivered, there is a quick cut to Judy whipping her head around to look back at Bubbles. Judy has an expression on her face that is hard to describe, but it gets crossways the fact that her reality is very different from that of Bubbles. Judy goes on to ask if there will be room for Sally, as the camera tracks Bubbles while she walks to the bathroom. As the camera stops tracking, it stops in a medium shot of Bubbles as she eventually replies, All right, she can go, but dont blame me.That guys got more arms than an octopus. There is a cut to a close shot of Sally in bed with a wide-eyed, nervous expression as she quickly li fts up her head and plops back down. Like Judy, her reality is very different from the reality of the dynamic Bubbles, and the possibility of encountering a man from that reality seems to frighten her. After the termination cut of the scene, it ends on a medium shot of Judy picking up the stuffed bull once again and smiling at it fondly.This emphasizes the fact Judy is not asexual and clearly is developing feelings for Jimmy. Although, Judy seems to have a more deep, stirred up connection to Jimmy than Bubbles has for her various men. Judy only became interested in Jimmy after he helped the girls at the nightclub and talked with her earlier in the film. Her interest is not based solely on what he can earmark to her. The differences in costume, behavior and motivation between Bubbles and Judy are relevant to a larger scope of the film involving sex and gender politics.For all of the to a higher place reasons found in the formal elements of the films visual and write up compositi on, Bubbles is coded as superficial, purely physical and vapid. On the other hand, Judy is given more than more value and depth. While Bubbles goes on to find success by exploiting her good looks, Judy is the winner in the end, when she lands her position in the ballet guild and achieves her dreams. In this way, the film is sending a message that female self-worth is not derived from male approval or reaffirming of beauty, but from accomplishment of what are considered to be more substantial goals.

Urdu †The Origin and History of the Language Essay

The con inclineration Urdu derives from a Turkish word ordu meaning camp or army. The Urdu linguistic communication essential between the Muslim soldiers of the Mughals armies who belonged to various ethnicities similar Turks, Arabs, Persians, Pathans, Balochis, Rajputs, Jats and Afghans. These soldiers lived in close tie-in with each former(a) and communicated in different dialects, which slowly and gradually evolved into consecrate day Urdu. It is for this reason that Urdu is too referred to as Lashkari Zaban or diction of the army. During its increment Urdu language also assumed various label like the line Urdu-e-Maullah meaning the exalted army which was given by Emperor Shah Jahan and the term Rekhta meaning scattered (with Persian run-in) which was coined by the scholars for Urdu verse.History and Evolution of Urdu addressEvolution and development of any language is dependent on the developing and development of a society where that language is spoken. Various in vasions and conquests on a place affect the development of its language. Urdu is no exception as it also underwent various stages of development. Urdu belongs to the Indo-Aryan family of languages. Urdu by origin is considered to be a descending(prenominal) of Saur Senic Prakrit. The term Prakrriti means root or basis. It is a later rendering of Sanskrit. As Prakrit language began to develop, it was make ford by Western Hindi dialects of Khari Boli, Brij Bhasa and Haryanvi. With the coming of Inshas Darya-e-Latafat*, a need was felt to differentiate Urdu with other languages especially Hindi. It became a Hindi-Urdu controversy and as a result Khari Boli and Devanagari became the identity of Indians while Urdu and Persian of Muslims. In this context, Persian and Arabic words replaced with Sanskrit served the purpose of differentiating Hindi from Urdu. Urdu emerged as a distinct language after 1193 AD the time of the Muslims conquest.When the Muslims conquered this office staff o f the continent, they made Persian the official and cultural language of India. As a result of the amalgamation of local dialects and the language of the invaders which was either Persian, Arabic and Turkish, a new language evolved which later became Urdu. During the Mughals reign, Urdu wasspoken in palaces and court and manger the end of the Mughal rule Urdu was the official language of most of Mughal states. This was the time when Urdu had capture Persianized and enriched with Persian words, phrases and even script and grammar. With the coming of the British, new English words also became part of the Urdu language. Many English words were accepted in their real form while others were accepted after some modifications.Currently, Urdu verbiage contains approximately 70% of Persian words and the rest are a mixture of Arabic and Turkish words. However, there are also traces of the French, Lusitanian and Dutch language in Urdu. But these influences are little. Urdu was taken to other parts of the country by soldiers, saints and sufis and by the common people. As a result of the political, well-disposed and cultural contacts amongst the people of different idiom and dialects, a heterogeneous form of language formed called Rekhta (Urdu and Persian in mixed form). Soon people started to use the new language in their speech and in books which resulted in the enrichment of Urdu language and literature.Urdu LiteratureThe origin of Urdu literature dates back to the 13th century in India during the Mughal rule. One of the most gamy earliest poets who made usage of Urdu in his poetry is Amir Khusro who faeces be called the father of Urdu language. In literature, Urdu was usually used along side Persian. Mughal kings were the great patrons of art and literature and it was under their rule that Urdu language reached its zenith. at that place used to be a tradition of Sheri Mehfils (poetic gatherings) in the kings courts. Abul Fazal Faizi and Abdul Rahim Khankha na were the famous Urdu poets of Mughal court. Likewise, Mirza Ghalib, Allama Iqbal, hakeem Momin, Ibrahim Zauq, Mir Taqi Mir, Sauda, Ibn-e-Insha and Faiz Ahmed Faiz have contri moreovered to the evolution of Urdu language through their literary works. It is indeed accredited that Hindi and Urdu are descendents of the same language i.e.Prakrit, nevertheless where the Hindi took influence from Sanskrit and pick out Devanagri script of writing, Urdu absorbed words from Persian, Turkish and Arabic languages and adopted Persian-Arabic script and Nastaliq calligraphic style of writing and emerged as a bankrupt language. But beside common ancestry, the two languages are as different as can be. There are marked grammatical, phonological and lexical differences in both languages. Urdu was also usedas a tool by the Muslims for freedom struggle and for creating awareness among Muslim communities in South Asia to get in touch under the banner of Independence from British Raj.For this, ser vices of Maulana Hali, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Allama Iqbal are notable, who through their poetry and prose provoked the necessary spark in the lives of the Muslims. Urdu was elect to become the national language of Pakistan at the time of Independence from British. Urdu is now the national language of Pakistan, spoken and understood thoroughly by mass of the populationUrdu Poetry and Its ImpactAnything written in any language has its own effects on its readers. And it influences their emotions and feelings. Urdu is the most progressive language and it has dramatic effects on the hearty, culture and literature of the generations. The most important part ofUrdu language is that it integrated the communities in the oriental societies. The defeaters and conquerors of the countries India ,Pakistan, Bangladesh and other countries has accepted the social ,cultural effects of their language. These conquerors were spoken Arabic and Persian. And these regions were speaking many differe nt languages.To interact with each other they needed one common language. .this interaction developed a common communicative language called Urdu Basic source to scattering Urdu language is poetry. Poetry played a very important business office for establishment of the language As T.S. Eliot says, Poetry should help, not only to cut down the language of the time, but to prevent it from changing too rapidly. Sixteenth to till nineteenth century has the masters of Urdu poetry .it is the golden time time period for theUrdu poets.The poets of these days are following the grand masters.The noticeable effects of poetry are in the Gazal it also has romantic effects. People of different languages like to listen and read Gazal. Our history has the masters of the Gazal. The most popular names of the Gazal master are Mirza Galib, Mir Taqui Mir, Etc. nazam (poem) is also a form of poetry. Nazam (poem) depicts a continuous single theme ad mostly associated with philosophy.Nazam has marvelou s social and political effectsNazam has changed the social and political structure of nations. The mostpopular nazam writers are Allama Muhammad Iqbal and josh. Both nazam and Gazal played a tremendous role to read the thoughts of individuals and groups alike. In the history of Urdu literature Josh Mallihabadi was the grand poet whos contribution is remarkable in the Urdu literature. Other forms of Urdu poetry are also contributed but for the short time period. The mixture of Arabic and Persian gave the richness to Urdu but with the concept of modernization and popularity of west culture in the East Urdu language in distorting

Digital Signal Processing

The image of digital manoeuvre litigateing has been widely employ these days, as it has provided galore(postnominal) benefits to the users with its capability of converting analog call attentions into digital luffs to palliate the demonst yard of transmission. The encoding techniques atomic consequence 18 available which were developed after a comprehensive research to nutriment and enable the transmission of digital indications to meet the user requirements. obscure from that, the subroutine of ramification of both maneuver into many absolute frequency sights where ever hatful has been digitally encoded by itself is termed as sub-band coding. Furthermore, it is better to encode lower frequency band with more bits than the heightser frequency bands because the lower frequencies hold to the highest degree of the speech energy. Sub-band coding system is mainly apply to solve this fussy problem. This paper depicts the benefits and the importance of sub-band codi ng, as well as it explains the touchstones heterogeneous in performing sub-band coding.The method of sub-band coding has been widely practiced for the think of transmitting digital signals. For efficient signal encoding this particular proposition method has provided many benefits. Moreover, sub-band coding has also been used for many years in audio industry for high quality digital audio transmission. At showtime, at that place is only one signal available which is then subdivided in many numbers of smaller sub-bands where every maven number cool of a fractioned spectral of the actual spectrum from that actual signal. This process of dividing signal into sub-band go forth further assist to each one band to be transformed done distinct number of bits for every model, and further every whizz band is classified according to its feel size. By performing the in a higher place process resulted in a finer signal quality (Proakis and Manolakis, 2007).After completing the abo ve process, it will right away be possible to encode every single band separately according to the pursual set of steps. The starting step of the digital signal processing is to apply the striveing required for the signal, which might be a high headspring or a low survive signal. The purpose of filtering is to avoid the noise linked with the signal. The frequency of noise associated with the signal can be high or low, depends upon the actual signal requirement. Apart from that, to reduce the sub-band ideal rates, filters are used to minimize the bit rate in the signal encoding process. This method helps to reduce the signal on every band from a factor of devil in sampling rate, which suggests that every second sample must be taken from the signal in the process of digital signal processing (Crochiere, 1981).Furthermore, the above step can be elaborated as if the signal is x0-6, the samples taken from this would be x0, x2, x4, and x6. The major reason of sampling with this method is to make legitimate that the reduced number of samples which would be quantized based on the following phase, which makes the quantization step to be as efficient and as pronto as possible.The next step includes the quantization of signal on each band. In this process of quantization involves quantization noise to all the bits that are going to be sampled. However, at the receiving end, all those signals which are acquired from the process of quantization are to be sampled from the factor of two. By doing this method if the input signal is x0-6, the product signal would instantaneously results in x0, x2, x4, x6. Through performing this step, the monovular number of samples before garbage downhearted sampling would be obtained where every stand-in sample was missing (Veldhuis, Breeuwer, and Van Der Wall, 1989).The following step in the process of sub-band coding is to apply filters on all signals located at every single band where every filter should be of similar s ubject which are used in the previous steps. Moreover, all filters are now used to lessen the number of sub-band sampling rates. These signals already blendd through the quantization and the up and down sampling stages which results in proper panache of decoding (Schaffer and Rabiner, 1973).The final step requires amalgamating the signals from many sub-bands to achieve the fruit signal and to produce an altered version of the input signal. The following compare shows that at that place is only one band available from the two bands that will move in the equivalent process.X1 (z) is the signal on the transmitting end, which was acquired after travel from the H1(z) also cognise as the high- founder filter which isX1 (z)= x1 (0)+ x1 (1) z-1+ x1 (2) z-2+ x1 (3) z-3 _____ 1X1 (-z)= x1 (0)- x1 (1) z-1+ x1 (2) z-2- x1 (3) z-3 _____ 1AIt is therefore prove that Z-transformed is actually a result of turn tailing a high pass filter to the signal which is the actual input xn. X1 (z)= X (z) H1(z) _____ 2The down sampling has been performed by the factor of two on the signal which is earlier X1 (z) will now be presented by Y1(z) signal as shown in the following equationY1(z) = y1 (0)+ y1 (1) z-1+ y1 (2) z-2+ y1 (3) z-3 _____ 3Y1(z) = x1 (0)+ x1 (2) z-1+ x1 (4) z-2+ _____ 4The equation 4 mentioned above, explains that the down sampling effect has removed every single alternate sample available.However, at the other end signals that were previously up sampled, will now be considered as U1(z) at which every single alternate sample is equal to zero valuate.U1(z) = u1 (0)+ u1 (1) z-1+ u1 (2) z-2+ u1 (3) z-3 U1(z) = y1 (0)+0+ y1 (1) z-2+ 0+y1 (2) z-4+ U1(z) = y1 (0)+ y1 (1) z-2+ y1 (2) z-4+ from 4 U1(z)= Y1(z2)U1(z) = x1 (0)+ x1 (2) z-2+ x1 (4) z-4+ x1 (6) z-6 U1(z) = (X1(z)+X1(-z))/2 = X(z) H1(z)+X(-z) H1(-z)/2__5Besides, the U1(z) signal now move towards the next high pass filter which is K1(z) which is positioned at the receiving point and specified asV1(z)= U1(z) K1(z) = K1(z) X(z) H1(z) )+X(-z) H1(-z) 6Furthermore, the final output signal will now be created after each sub-band output is added which results in the subsequent equationX_out(z)=V1(z)+ V2(z)X_out(z)= K1(z) X(z) H1(z) )+X(-z) H1(-z) + K2(z) X(z) H2(z) )+X(-z) H2(-z) .X_out(z)= H2 (z) H2 (-z) X(z).When the final output is obtained, to make equation more expressive, it will now be altered into the frequency electron orbit of w from the resulted Z domain, which will now be expressed in the following mannerX out(w)= H2 (w)- H2 (w-p) X(w).X out(w)= e-jw(m-1) Hr2 (w) e-j(m-1)(w-pi) Hr2 (w-p) X(w).In the above equation, m represents that even number which measures the length of the filter.After completing the above procedure, the next phase requires experimentation which includes the writ of execution of sub-band coding that can be accomplished through two methods. The first method of experimentation is MATLAB, which requires the conjecture section to be followed from the same phases outlined. at that place is a file named as subband.dat is provided from the input signal in this particular method. This file consists of many determine which expresses the file regarding the capacity of the signal in a given time. Moreover, H2(z) was also given as the coefficients of the low pass filters (Croisier, 1974).It is also suggested that the high pass filters H1(z) are used with the low pass filters K2(z) which creates relationship among the filters explained belowH1(z) = H(z), H2(z)= H(-z), K1(z)= 2H(z) and K2(z)= -2H(-z).Apart from that, there is one more value known as the SNR value that is required for the process of quantization where every single value of Q1 will be computed through the following equationSNRdB= xi(n)2 / (xi(n)- xo(n))2 . Where the limits of the total is from n=0 to N-1.The next method for the implementation of the sub-band coding used is called C6711. It is a device that works as a converter and facilitate users in converting software im plementations into the physical results. On the other hand, CRO is used on which the output will be connected for the verification of results. Moreover, the sin wave is also generated through connecting the frequency generator to the C6711 device (Rabiner and Gold, 1975).Finally, the results generated through MATLAB for the sub-ban coding reveals that before performing any find of modifications on the signal, it highly requires the plotting of input signal. Apart from that, result has also shown that the low pass and high pass filters of sub-bands were moved towards an intersection point which exactly equals to 0.5 rad/sample.The SNR values used in the process of quantization of distinct number of bits reached at a highest level of 16.5dB at the 5th bit. On the other hand, the SNR value has been calculated for 4 bit PCM system was almost 13.2dB. The value suggests that there is a 0.5dB variation from the value computed at the forth bit which is 12.7 dB and is acceptable after the c omparison. However, the resulted output signal appeared on the CRO is rather similar to the input signal which explains that as the frequency increases the output signal will move towards zero (Kuester and Mize, 1973).After reviewing the whole process, it is concluded that the sub-band coding is a method to encode the input signal successfully with maximum efficiency. The two methods used in the process known as MATLAB and C6711 endorse the theory presented in the preceding sections which are considered as valid and reliable.

Managing High Performance Work Teams

Relationship to ManagementIn order to facilitate best efficiency in an governance, there are a lot of factors to consider first exchange subject the financial stability, economic and grocery store stability, and natural stability. As for the scope of this paper, completely of the discussion will give emphasis on the case of internal stability on the success of an organization.Internal stability may wax on how well the sepa number persons of an organization work with respect to virtuoso(a) an other, like for instance, the organizational organise or the type of tutorial system that is being implemented by the management.Actually, there are two approaches in managing an organization namely first, letting the employees to use their creativity in discourse divers(a) situations concerning the caller-up without the supervision from the top officials and the existence of a manager to supervise and delegate task to the employees. From the verbalize two management approaches , it is the former(prenominal) which is more concernlike and rough-and-ready especially if the employees has sufficiency skills and responsible enough to buy the farmle various tasks concerning the entire organization. In this regard, the idea of broad(prenominal) execution go away aggroups arises. tall capital punishment Work aggroup is basically comprises of two or more individuals working together in order to attain special goals or objectives (Barkman, 1993). Oftentimes, this type of groups works independently without the need of supervision glide path from any of the top officials for they have enough skills and talents to almost handle the tasks of a manager. Moreover, this kind of group has the ability to do at the highest level thus far for an extended period of time.Most of the organization nowadays uses High carrying out Work police squad in order to manage an organizational conflict which concerns various department of an organization or just to maintain and grow close working relationship among members. Just like what has been discussed a while ago, High Performance Work police squad whoremaster almost take the gravel of a manager since the group rouse even handle the facilitation of meetings and develop goals and plans. This is how flexible High Performance Work Team is.On the other hand, powerful attractership too plays a vital role for the attainment of sympathetic working environment and relationship among the members of the organization (Bolen, 2001). Leaders are the oneness responsible for delegating the task and solicit ideas from its members and collaborating those ideas into a more efficient and utile ideas. It is also the leaders who take the initiative to influence its members to perform their responsibilities and the one responsible for motivating all the members of the organization.Furthermore, one of the qualities that a leader must posses would be the ability to determine long term opportunities in order to provide the organization sustainable development (Clark, 2007). In other words, a leader must visualize the future of the organization and do not just focus on what is currently at hand in the short run. Short run goals are being handled by a manager but when it comes to visualizing the long term welfare of the organization it is the job of a leader.In this regard, it is clear that a leader and a ample manager, may it be an individual or a group of pack like High Performance Work Team, plays a vital role on the stability and success of the organization at present and in the near future. This is the reason why they are very important key person in the management team of an organization for they are the one who drives the entire organization towards the attainment of their set goals and objectives.Pioneer Sector/sActually both confidential and government sector already implements High Performance Work Team but it is the private sector that pioneered High Performance Work nates General Electric, kraft paper Foods and Exelon. In the U.S. alone, High Performance Work Team gain acceptance in the corporate world during the 1980s when Boeing, digital Equipment Corporation presently known as HP among others, adopted the said managerial strategy.With the said implementation of High Performance Work Team to the said place organization, there exist major changes happened especially in organizational acculturation and merging of the goals of the organization with the social needs of the individuals. In just a few years after High Performance Work Team was presented to the corporate world, it already reached quantum leap in business result in the entire key success dimension together with the customer, employee, shareholder and operative value added dimensions.On the other hand, there is no exact date when strong leadership was really started entering into the idealism of the corporate world. But one thing is for sure, it is not only in the private sector where e ffective leadership is being implemented, even in the government sector it is also being widely used.Successful Company through HPWTOne of the possible organizations that success sufficienty know High Performance Work Team will be the kraft Foods. At present, Kraft Foods leads the industry of branded foods and beverages locally and foreignly. With its strategy of exploring the international market during the years wherein the domestic market was already becoming virgin, Kraft Foods was able to boost its profitability and market influence.Moreover, in order to successfully penetrate their target market, Kraft Foods entered merging, buy other food companies in the industry, and make partnership with other food companies from other countries. This market entryway strategy works well so far for the union establish on their market position and influence.Because of the diversity caused by the identified market entry strategy of Kraft Foods can hinder the attainment of optimal effici ency and effectiveness of the entire personnel of the company, the Kraft Foods executives resulted to implementing High Performance Work Team which was comprised by representatives from different departments of a given pegleg of Kraft Foods to resolve diversity conflict and simplify the organizational structure in such a way wherein all of the employees of the company can work in harmony with one another.Diversity link up issues and complexity of the organizational structure of Kraft Foods caused inefficiency in executing various operational procedures and strategies of the company as well as the depreciation of the performance of every employee callable to their diversity ( keeparticles.com, 2005) and (Hopkins, 2005). The reason why the members of the High Performance Work Team of Kraft Foods came from the different departments of the company was to be able to have play off representation of voices of various groups of individual working in the company so that at the end of the day, whatever the solution will the High Performance Work Team arrive every welfare and interest was put option into consideration.True enough, by the start of 2005, the efficiency and effectiveness of Kraft Foods improved which can be seen on the profitability level of the company and the fact rate of its expansion in the market which made the company among the top multinational companies around the globe. With the simplification of the organizational structure and solving the diversity related problems of the company through the use of High Performance Work Team, business transaction has been executed faster and the harmonious working relationship among the members of the company provide enough motivation for every employee to perform their task to their full potential.On the other hand, the CEO of Kraft Foods, Irene Rosenfeld, was able to provide the company sustainable growth by the time the domestic market started to become saturated to their product line and visualizes the e ntry of the company to the international market. In this regard, the effective leadership comes into the picture of Kraft Foods success for the past years.Not only this, Rosenfeld was able to spot the diversity related issue problem and immediately find a solution to the said organizational conflict which is one of the tasks of a leader for an effective leadership of its members. With the existence of Rosenfeld to Kraft Foods, there is no doubt that the company successfully implemented not only High Performance Work Team but also the effectual Leadership.ReferencesBolen, M. (2001). Effective Leadership. Retrieved March 18, 2008, from http//www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/agdex1334Clark, D. (2007). Concepts of Leadership. Retrieved March 18, 2008, from http//www.nwlink.com/donclark/leader/leadcon.htmlfindarticles.com (2005). Kraft Foods Announces additional Simplification Initiatives. Retrieved March 18, 2008, from http//findarticles.com/?noadc=1

Information Technology Essay

Advancements in randomness engineering stand had more cracking benefits on clubhouse. It has revolutionized the phase of business and living around the human race. entropy applied science has made Local businesses locomote international collectible to a plain website. study technology (IT) is the use of computers and tele chats equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data. The consideration is comm more over used as a synonym for computers and computer net excogitates, however it withal encompasses other knowledge distribution technologies such as tv and telephones.It is in the main considered to encompass the use of computers and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data. Several industries argon associated with discip railroad technology, such as computer hardw atomic number 18, softwargon system, electronics, semiconductors, lucre, telecom equipment and computer function (C grantler, 2012). Therefore, the sub program of this assignment is to discuss the wonders and horrors Information engineering has brought to us. It will for the first snip chthonicstand at the wonders which Information technology has brought, and then it will aspect at the horrors.It is from the wonders and horrors were a conclusion will be drawn from. nowadays discipline technology involves more than precisely computer literacy it as well as obtains into distinguish how computers pop off and how these computers sess further be used not salutary for study m elderlying but also for communications and problem resolving lying-ins as well. Information technology also involves the development, installation, implementation, maintenance, and the use of computer systems, softw be and networks for the treat and distribution of data (Daintith, 2009).Our man today has changed a large(p) fuck with the service of training technology. The revolution in IT has itself been brought forth by a lodge of innovat ions in telecommunications and informatics, made possible by cheaper b are-assed lightweight materials such as optical fibers transmitting information straightaway. Information flows faster and less expensively throughout the globe, but it will take straight sentence to r each(prenominal) full digitalization evanescen the young someone of IT (Achimugu et al 2009).Things that were once done manually or by hand redeem now operate computerized operating systems, which simply require a undivided click of a mouse to disturb a task completed. With the aid of Information Technology, we are not solitary(prenominal) fitted to current line our business processes but we are also able to get unremitting information in real time that is up to the splendid and up to date (Vermaat,2004). The significance of Information Technology can be seen from the fact that it has penetrated almost all(prenominal) aspect of our daily lives from business to unfilled and even night club.The wo rld has an estimated 350 million profits users. Over 90% of them are in industrial countries, although growing countries comprise about 85% of the world population (Berndt and Morrison, 1995). Today personal Computers, cell phones, fax machines, email and internet have all not only become an integral break up of our very culture but also play an essential consumption in our day to day activities (Parker, 2003). Information Technology has brought a quid of wonders in our daily living.Some of the wonders include Globalization IT has not only brought the world closer together, but it has countenanceed the worlds economy to become a single interdependent system. This path that we can not only share information quickly and efficiently, but we can also pack downhearted barriers of linguistic and geographic boundaries. The world has developed into a planetary village ascribable to the help of information technology allowing countries like long pepper and Japan who are not onl y separated by outmatch but also by language to shares ideas and information with each other. communication With the help of information technology, communication has also become cheaper, quicker, and more efficient. We can now communicate with anyone around the globe by simply textbook messaging them or sending them an email for an almost instantaneous response. The internet has also opened up face to face direct communication from different parts of the world thanks to the helps of video conferencing. Information Technology affects the way companies communicate and establish relations with their clients.In the fast wretched and business environment, it is vital for them to interact with clients regularly and quickly to gain their go for and to obtain customer loyalty. With the use of internet and kind networks, firms interact with consumers and upshot all their queries about the products. Take for instance Barack Obama- USA President as the figure. With the use of networki ng sites such as Twitter and Facebook, blogs, social bookmarking, the leader could admission to the world whenever demand and the world can receive the news and updates which he has done or wants done within a short hitch of time.Cost effectiveness Information technology has helped to computerize the business process thus streamlining businesses to crystalise them extremely cost effective money do machines. This in turn increases productivity which ultimately gives rise to profits that means better pay and less strenuous working conditions. Additionally, to think and to search, we sine qua non resources to find what our past race has thought, what quotes they have left for us that is information and theory. Information can now be easily found by a single click in search engines such as Google and yahoo.Business Operations. With the use of technological innovations, business owners and entrepreneur understand their funds flow better, how to manage their storage costs well a nd enables you to save time and money. Bridging the cultural offend Information technology has helped to bridge the cultural gap by helping batch from different cultures to communicate with one another, and allow for the exchange of views and ideas, thus increasing awareness and reducing prejudice. More time IT has made it possible for businesses to be open 24 x7 all over the globe.This means that a business can be open anytime anywhere, making purchases from different countries easier and more convenient. It also means that you can have your goods delivered undecomposed to your doorstep with having to move a single muscle. Increase the sense of human being Rights- The technology can remind of our human rights, basic needs and give updates where relief or worldwide help is necessary. During earthquakes, odious floods, musical composition co-operation is necessary the World Wide Web can help us to take in the donation by a desired amount.It is not possible to but figure out eitherthing about the good and bad sides of Information and Technology within a page and article as because it has mixed with every aspects and corners of our lives. Rather, let us look at the side effects, bad sides (cons) which IT-sectors have brought to the Human Society Creation of new jobs Probably the best proceeds of information technology is the creation of new and interesting jobs. Computer programmers, Systems analyzers, ironware and Software developers and Web designers are just some f the umpteen new employment opportunities created with the help of IT. Information technologies of various classs, together with globalization, are powerfully affecting the range of employment options for individuals in advanced and developing countries alike- and at various levels of education. Further, the classes of Information Technology that automate, disinter mediate and minify costs of remoteness are also enabling the construction of increasingly complex and geographically div erse global supply chains and networks (Spence, 2012) .Advancements in information technology have had many capital benefits on society however, this has not come without its downsides. Below are some of the horrors or disadvantages of information technology Unemployment magical spell information technology may have streamlined the business process it has also created job redundancies, downsizing and outsourcing. This means that a lot of lower and middle level jobs have been done extraneous with causing more hatful to become unemployed. Technology in an organization, go with or business, the number of hours that a human works at that company is reduced.Technology is playing multiple roles. The replacement of routine manual work by machines and robots is a powerful, continuing and perhaps accelerating trend in manufacturing and logistics, while networks of computers are replacing routine white-collar jobs in information processing. For instance, the emptying of intermediaries in banking, online retail and a host of government services, to name just a few affected areas. This has even resulted in some community losing their jobs because technology is doing it for them.However this is beneficial for the organization as their profit is increase because they do not need to pay their workers as much because they are not required as much (Spence, 2012). Privacy Though information technology may have made communication quicker, easier and more convenient, it has also bought along privacy issues. From cell phone signal interceptions to email hacking, sight are now distressed about their once private information graceful public knowledge. As IT Sectors have wined the peoples inwardness worldwide.People are here to share and store any kind of information, private date in their hard drives and private online databases. But due to some Cyber-Criminals, nothing is so safe twain online and offline. If someone becomes a bit careless, he or she may needs to pay elevated for it especially when it comes to work related information (Saldarini and DeRobertis, 2003). Lack of job hostage Industry experts believe that the internet has made job security a big issue as since technology keeps on changing with each day. This means that one has to be in a constant learning mode, if he or she wishes for their job to be secure.Dominant culture While information technology may have made the world a global village, it has also contributed to one culture dominating another weaker one. For event it is now argued that US influences how most young teenagers all over the world now act, dress and behave. Languages too have become overshadowed, with English turn the primary mode of communication for business and everything else Over reliance on technology a lot of people believe that because computers and the Internet has become such a regular part of modern life, some people particularly children who grow up with it, will not be able to function without it.Some people think that the Internet is making people lazy, particularly when it comes to es plead or project research as alternatively of reading books in a library, one can just answer a Google search. Loss of communication skills with the ever increasing variety of social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter, a lot of people are worried that traditional communication skills will be doomed. This worry is particularly about children who often engage in these websites because communication and interactive skills are not important with computers.Loss of personal check emails and instant messaging has replaced the old tradition of handwriting letters. And although this is advantageous because of time constraints, a personal touch and sense of feeling is lost compared to taking the time to sit down and hand write a letter. We can think, gather human principles (ethical knowledge) and make co-operative relationships between friends and families. But due to harmful aspects of (IT) people are becoming fully technological based. And it can bring huge damage to the society as its taking away the natural thoughts and organic ideas.Health problems research has shown that technology can cause a number of problems with a persons health. Many scientists, doctors and researchers are concerned about possible relate between technology and heart problems, eye strain, obesity, muscle problems and deafness. Waste emitted from technology can pollute the environment which not only makes people ill, it also damages the environment. The online community is not safe for Family anymore- the family is the foundation of every nation.However, due to Information Technology, children under age may often share cellphone Numbers, Private Email Address which can be hacked by people and can pass it to the criminals who have a blue-print to harm the society. And people are losing credit card privacy and other payment processing options. Again, in that location are some sites created by foul people, which can lead under eighteen teenagers to a different path That Is going to bring revile to the Nation. A very good example is the Iris Kaingu Video which circulated not only nationwide but also worldwide and was viewed by both young people and adults.In conclusion, one can safely say Information Technology has brought both wonders and horrors to our society. Things that were once done manually, or by hand have now become easier and faster by the instauration of computer technology in the workplace. Our world today has changed a great deal with the aid of Information Technology which has penetrated in almost every aspect of our daily lives and society. With all the good things about Information Technology, it has brought terrible horrors to some in our societies.A lot of people have lost their jobs because they have become irrelevant due to the introduction of computers in the workplace. It has contributed to the poor people livelihood of people. Advancem ents in information technology have had many great benefits on society. It has revolutionized the phase of business and living around the world. Information Technology has made Local businesses become international due to a simple website. Information technology (IT) is the use of computers and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data.The term is normally used as a synonym for computers and computer networks, but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television and telephones. It is broadly considered to encompass the use of computers and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data. Several industries are associated with information technology, such as computer hardware,software, electronics, semiconductors, internet, telecom equipment and computer services (Chandler, 2012).Therefore, the purpose of this assignment is to discuss the wonders and horrors Information Technology has brought to us. It will first look at the wonders which Information Technology has brought, and then it will look at the horrors. It is from the wonders and horrors were a conclusion will be drawn from. Today information technology involves more than just computer literacy it also takes into account how computers work and how these computers can further be used not just for information processing but also for communications and problem solving tasks as well.Information technology also involves the development, installation, implementation, maintenance, and the use of computer systems, software and networks for the processing and distribution of data (Daintith, 2009). Our world today has changed a great deal with the aid of information technology. The revolution in IT has itself been brought forth by a company of innovations in telecommunications and informatics, made possible by cheaper new lightweight materials such as optical fibers transmitting information faster.Information flows faster and less expensively throughout the globe, but it will take substantial time to reach full digitalization given the youth of IT (Achimugu et al 2009). Things that were once done manually or by hand have now become computerized operating systems, which simply require a single click of a mouse to get a task completed. With the aid of Information Technology, we are not only able to stream line our business processes but we are also able to get constant information in real time that is up to the minute and up to date (Vermaat,2004).

Religion in Ancient China

The earliest discipline assemble about religion in ancient China is during the Shang Dynasty and so religion in the Xia dynasty remains unknown. Religious beliefs and rituals were prominent during the Shang Dynasty. The intimately square deity was Shang Ti, Ti meaning Deity Above or the everywherelord on High. He command as a arrogant god over all the other gods and spirits. The gods and spirits were believed to symbolize objects found in nature the sun, the moon, the wind, the rain, everything from mountains and rivers to the stars in the night sky.Ti is believed to lease penalize those who disobeyed or offended him and rewarded those who pleased him. It is state that Ti constructed a noble court in heaven consisting of all deceased worthful ancestors. The Chineses belief in family harmony was associated to belief in the after life. The ancestors who were considered commendable served Ti, helping him govern the world. Ancestors were to a fault worshipped and were said to practice a mediators among the gods and humankind. It was melodic theme that if ancestors were appropriately honoured, respected, and provided for, they would promote the familys prosperity.A party favour or grievance to a member of the family was considered a favour or grievance to the ancestors consequently, pile were reluctant to offense or harm descendants of a powerful family. It was believed that in the afterlife they would live in a celestial court in legion(predicate) ways similar to their secular courts. Each Chinese family was expected to subscribe to an ancestral shrine in the centre of their home to honour and venerate their ancestors. Sacrifice to the gods and the ancestors were also a major part of the Shang religion.When a ruler died, slaves and officials were sacrificed with them in allege to control that their afterlife would be the same or similar as their life on earth. People were also sacrificed in smaller numbers when meaningful thus farts, such as the founding of a palace or temple, took identify. on with their deceased ancestors, the Chinese had people on earth who acted as mediators between the celestials and the human race. Priests were among these intermediates and were responsible for a number of tasks including reading prayers and overseeing sacrifices and funerals.An augur is another(prenominal) type of mediator, responsible for asking gods questions on behalf of humans using various(a) practices of foretelling to unearth the answers. The use of oracle bones was the most celebrated form of divination. The augur would ask the question, punching holes into the bone, usually the shoulder-bone from an ox, and in some cases the slash of a tortoise. The bone would then be held over a fire, until cracks appeared. These cracks would be made more evident by rubbing ink over the bone.The augur could now read the cracks and determine the answer of the god. Records of the questions and answers of readings were engraved on th e bone. Questions on these oracle bones included issues of weather, warfare, agriculture, hunting, childbirth, and sacrifice. In reflection with their plain nature, the ancient Chinese use to honour the local deities of soil in order to increase the fertility of earth and to promote the growth of crops. everywhere era, this practice of earth worship began to dwindle and the veneration of Heaven increased. foretelling was considered the precisely way to determine the requests and future actions of the ruler of Heaven who was also seen as a kind of ancestral figure. The Chinese were animistic and so believed that nature had many spirits. Good spirits, referred to as shen, and bad spirits, referred to as gui, were both(prenominal) thought to dwell in Heaven and Earth. The sun and the rooster were believed to have authority over the gui. This concept of shen and gui later figure outd the formation of the yin and yang concept.The people of ancient China believed that there were two contrasting forces abiding in everything in nature that is yin and yang. This concept was thought to be formed with the influence of the shen and gui concept from earlier ancient China. Yin is characterized as slow, soft, yielding, diffuse, cold, wet, or serene and is associated with weewee, earth, the moon, femininity and nighttime. Yang, on the other hand, is fast, hard, solid, foc utilize, hot, dry, or aggressive and is associated with fire, sky, the sun, masculinity and daytime. During the time of the Eastern Zhou, religion in China underwent an evolution.The early gods were forgotten and replaced with ideologies that worked as both philosophies and religions. A phenomenon called the Contention of a Hundred Schools of Thought took place in ancient China. Schools and philosophers flourished around this time and it was dubbed an era of great ethnical and intellectual expansion in China. The four most prominent schools of thought that evolved during this epoch were Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism, and Legalism. Confucius was born 551 BC and grew up to become one of the most influential philosophers in Chinese history.Confucianism is a composite philosophy of moral, social, political, philosophical, and sacred thought. He built his philosophy around five virtues compassion, morality, decorum, wisdom and honesty. pathos was considered the cornerstone, symbolizing loyalty, filial piety, patience and benevolence. He also believed that everyone should be in harmony with one another and establish a society ruled by standard etiquette and conduct. A legendary philosopher by the name of Laozi is believed to have established the religious philosophy of Taoism.The forces of nature is the central belief groundwork the concept of Tao, which is literally translated as the path or the way. Taoism is in many ways the contrary of Confucianism, focusing on the individual within the lifelike realm rather than the individual within society. It also focuses on the tie betw een humanity and the cosmos, vigour and long life, and wu wei, that is action through inaction, which is said to create harmony with the Universe. Mo Di or Mozi was another Chinese philosopher form the Eastern Zhou period.He was strongly hostile to the teachings of Confucianism and Taoism. Mohism was based on the idea of universal love, everyone is equal before heaven. Mozi believed that everyone should practice common love in order to create a heaven on earth. He also believed that an individuals perception should be the home of human cognition and not imagination or logic. Mozi advocated abstinence, and therefore opposed music, regarding it as excessive and a waste of resources which could instead be used to help those in need of basic necessities such as food, water and shelter.He even opposed elaborate funerals also regarding it as a waste of money which could be used in more reusable matters. He also advocated pacifism thus disapproving of offensive war, only accepting aggr essive action to defend the weak. Legalism, while the term itself was invented in the Han dynasty, was one of the major doctrines followed during the Contention of a Hundred Schools of Thought. It was established by Han Feizi and Li Si and theorizes that the human race is evil and in order to prevent this evil causing chaos, laws need to be put in place.Legalism wasnt concerned with the nature or purpose of life, not even the welfare of the public rather it sought the states prosperity and military aptitude. break of these four philosophies, only Confucianism and Taoism are considered religions by scholars, as only they crack spiritual elements. Confucianism and Taoism both became part of what is now known as The trinity Doctrine. Buddhism is the third doctrine however it was imported from India and flourished during Imperial China.

Control Of Infectious Diseases Health And Social Care Essay

First, it is of moment to understand the standard whatsoever compl aint unavoidably to process into to be considered for annihilation. miller ( 2006 ) has proposed two classs of scientific and scotch factors applicable for for swell disrupting transmission of infective infirmity. The scientific factors include the concatenation of transmittal must(prenominal) scarce include worlds and pathogens doing the disease must non chink a natural reservoir, vaccinations for the disease must confabulate long- fight protection, the ecology of pathogen must be very good known and strong research science research laboratory parturiency must be possible. Addition each(prenominal)y, from economic facet investings into annihilation platform must pay off to pull investors and offer ( moth miller, 2006 ) . However, as Miller points issue, any obliteration h mature is lotous because at the start it is impracticable to gauge if at that place is traveling to be adequate bea r and policy- reservation support. Further more than(prenominal), the feasibleness of obliteration differs in positive and developing states delinquent to boilers suit health degree, governmental agitation, substructure and communicating go, and fiscal state of personal business ( Miller, 2006 ) . Thus, even if a disease meets the standards and force out be a campaigner for obliteration it ordain non be guaranteed that obliteration attempts lead to success.Sm solelypoxIn the polish offing 100 aged ages at that place apply been some(prenominal) efforts to elude through different diseases. However, the solely successful obliteration predominate so far has been that of variola study(ip) virus. Prior to eradication the eruptions of variola were frequent in many an(prenominal) move of the universe, neverthe slight, by 1950 it was eradicated from most developed states ( Fenner, 1982 ) . The obliteration take place of variola was announced by the World wellness Org anization ( WHO ) in 1967 ( Henderson, 1977 ) and it is champion of the greatest success narratives of twentieth century medical specialty.Beginnings and features smallpox is a terrible infective disease, caused by smallpox virus, which is a genetically unchanging DNA virus ( Nomoto et al, 2002 ) that spread from Asia to Europe and Africa at the beginning of Christian epoch ( Henderson, 1977 ) . thither atomic number 18 two different causas of variola, variola pincer and major, the latter world more dangerous with 30 % of decease rank ( WHO ) . The airborne smallpox virus ( Henderson, 1977 ) spread among worlds via inhaling and had an incubation period of 7-17 yearss, followed by terrible strivings, febrility and other flu-like symptoms that do the victims stay at their nominate, restrict the exemplifys of variola into limited countries. Smallpox is contagious merely during the clip when victims turn over roseola, which develops on face and appendages. Rash is character istic to smallpox and it is easy to even out water rather accurately. Peoples who dupe recovered from variolas consecrate a womb-to-tomb resistance against the disease ( Henderson, 1977 ) .Vaccines and aptitudeSmallpox does non hold any known interposition besides vaccination ( WHO ) . Before Collier developed heat-stable variola vaccine in 1950s merely liquid vaccines were available, which were restricted in their engagement due to heat-sensitivity ( Henderson, 1977 ) . The new lyophilized vaccinum proved to be really efficient since merely ane dosage had immediate do and conferred fixed resistance ( Arita et al, 2004 ) . In add-on ( Henderson, 1977 ) , the vaccination procedure itself was easy and the re-use of unsubdivided leafs reduced the address of inoculation. Most developed states were already immunizing passel in the inaugural place the start of WHO put out and had stopped the transmittal in their state ( Henderson, 1977 ) . The firstborn enterprise to eliminate variolas came from Soviet Russia and the USA their proposal was approved by World Health Assembly ( WHA ) in 1966 and the WHO psychometric test officially began in 1968 ( Foege, 1998 ) .Reasons for successful obliterationFirst, smallpox met the standards of eradicable diseases and had several biological characteristics that facilitated its obliteration. Fenner ( 1982 ) suggested that the asperity of the status, easy designation by people without medical makings or preparation, humans to human transmittal, limited spread, the absence of perennial infectivity and the deficiency of animate being reservoir had a major impact on the obliteration attempt. Furthermore, the handiness of potent heat-stable vaccinum that was either made by local authoritiess or donated made the vaccinum cheap and sustainable in different socio- environsal conditions ( Henderson, 1982 ) . Second, there was a strong political support for the run all developed states that had already eradicated the disease had to do immense investings to keep the quarantine broadcasts and nation-wide immunizations because air-travelling could import variola from an endemic state and let go of the pathogen. Therefore, they had economic social function and motive to finance the obliteration elsewhere because if obliteration was certified in all states so the investings and inoculations could block off and so could all future disbursals relate to smallpox ( Fenner, 1982 ) . Third, although the epidemiology of variola was of import to the obliteration attempt, the run might hold failed without the invariably bettering reporting- charge methods, prosecuting of local wellness workers and comm unity members, and, near link among field workers and research labs to better the vaccinum ( Henderson, 1977 ) . Besides, the programme had strong scarlet tanager number leading yet it was really flexible and suited to the demands of each state, which eventually led to success ( Henderson, 1977 ) . Fi nally, the obliteration run drop deaded merely 10 old ages, which is non lengthy plenty to deter people in the feasibleness of the enterprise. The go away endemic o molybdenumer dictum of variola occurred in 1977 in Somalia, and the last instance of smallpox transmittal took topographic point in England in 1978 when smallpox virus was by chance released from a medical school lab ( Hull et al, 2001 ) . This incident points out possible jobs of incorporating viruses and forestalling them from doing new eruptions. The certificate of smallpox obliteration was given in 1980, 2 old ages later the last instance of variola ( Arita et al, 2004 ) .Reverses and last attemptsThe success of smallpox obliteration does non think that it was easy to accomplish. The plan struggled with logistic issues, deficiency of m whizy and inappropriate political and social support ( Arita et al, 2006 ) . India and Ethiopia ( Fenner, 1982 ) were the last states where variola was endemic, nevertheless, the methods applied in these states proved to be really effectual. In 1973 in India the purposes of the plan changed from dope inoculation to surveillance and containment besides, seven-day hunts were carried out to observe new instances. Reward for describing a instance together with easy sensing helped to halt the transmittal by 1975, while at the start no 1 believed it was possible. Intensive run in Ethiopia started in 1971, where mountains, clime and spread population had hindered old inoculation attempts. Increasing the figure of wellness workers, WHO investings into bettering transit and house to house hunts helped to make more people populating in distant countries and led to the last inform instance in 1976 ( Fenner, 1982 ) . Therefore, the intensified attempts to eliminate variola from its last fastnesss were rich and led to the run to a successful terminal. The WHA decl atomic number 18d smallpox obliteration in 1980 and inoculation activity had stopped in all states b y 1984 ( Jezek et al, 1987 ) .Poliomyelitis later the great success of smallpox obliteration, the WHO declared a planetary run against childish palsy ( childish palsy ) in 1988 ( Hull et al, 2001 ) . Polio is a good campaigner for obliteration due to its disabling effects, curiously in kids. It besides fits the standards of eradicable diseases suggested by Aylward and confede evaluate ( 2000 ) and Miller ( 2006 ) transmittal occurs merely between worlds and it lacks an animate being reservoir, there is an effectual orally administered immature palsy vaccinum, the badness of the disease can be prevented by immunisation and cut downing or halting immunisation pass on salvage 1000000s of dollars every twelvemonth to boot, the strong coaction and support from the Rotary International, UNICEF, WHO, Centres for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) and authoritiess has provided wider social and political support. There has been key success after 20 old ages of attempts seeking to eliminate childish palsy 350A 000 infantile palsy instances and 125 endemic states in 1988 receive been reduced to 1997 instances and 4 endemic states by 2006 ( Dutta, 2008 ) . However, acute anterior infantile paralysismyelitis obliteration has proven to be more hard due to unanticipated factors refering the vaccinum and the last fastnesss of infantile palsy that seem unsufferable to level as a consequence many people have lost godliness in the run and think that effectual promise whitethorn be a better option ( Roberts, 2006 ) .Beginning and FeaturesThe antiquity of infantile paralysis is widely acknowledged and Egyptian rock carvings dated to ca 1500 B.C. envision a adult male with limb malformations is believed to stand for an early instance of infantile paralysis ( Sass, 1996 ) . Polio ( Nomoto et al, 2002 ) is a paralytical disease caused by poliovirus, which is a genetically unstable RNA virus and belongs to the household of enteroviruses. It has leash wild ser otypes that are causative of infantile paralysis. In developing states it affects 1 in 200 people, whereas merely in 1 % of instances the virus invades the spooky system and causes palsy ( Nomoto et al, 2002 ) . The victims shed virus with their fecal matters for hebdomads or more after inoculation, therefore, the virus can mouse back and circulate in a community without being detected ( WHO ) . Poliovirus spreads chiefly via oral-faecal transmittal and replicates in the intestine and pharynx ( Roberts, 2004 ) . The disease has the most annihilating consequence in kids under 5 ( WHO ) . Furthermore, most instances of infantile paralysis have untypical symptoms, which hinder the diagnosing and containment of the disease ( Arita et al, 2006 ) . Due to the low specificity of infantile paralysis symptoms the surveillance mechanisms focal point on acute flaccid palsy ( AFP ) in under 15-year-olds and to corroborate the status stool samples accept to be collected and analysed in the la b ( Hull et al, 2001 ) . Due to drawn-out and complicated designation procedure gives the pathogen an chance to re-enter the environment and do new eruptions of infantile paralysis.Vaccines and efficiencySimilarly to smallpox, there is no revivify for infantile paralysis and inoculation is the lone manner to forestall the disease ( WHO ) . There are two types of vaccinums available inactivated infantile paralysis vaccinum ( IPV ) developed by Salk in the 1950s and unwritten infantile paralysis vaccinum ( trivalent live oral poliomyelitis vaccine ) that contains unrecorded virus advanced by Sabin in the sixtiess both(prenominal) have advantages and disadvantages ( Hull et al, 2001 ) . OPV is widely used because it provides enteric unsusceptibility, is inexpensive to bring forth, easy to administrate, and spreads from individual to individual confabulating unsusceptibility to susceptible persons in propinquity ( Miller, 2006 ) . At least 3 doses of OPV in babies are required for t he vaccinum to work nevertheless, surveies have shown that 3 unit of ammunitions of OPV provide merely 70-80 % unsusceptibility in some tropic scenes but frequently the vaccinum reportage is low, go forthing many kids open and triping eruptions due to uneven population unsusceptibility ( Hull et al, 2001 ) . In add-on, the efficiency of vaccinum is dependent on the general wellness state of personal business of the population, which in many developing states is low for illustration 10 doses of OPV are deficient against infantile paralysis in some parts of India, whereas merely 2 doses were effectual in Japan ( Dutta, 2008 ) . Children who live in hapless sanitation conditions frequently have chronic diarrhea that undermines inoculation since the medicine leaves the organic structure before it could hold any effects ( Roberts, 2004 ) . A major job with OPV is its heat sensitiveness infantile paralysis serum needs to be kept below 8 grades Celsius, which can be hard in parts with hot tropical clime and civil perturbation ( Westhead, 2009 ) . This job is being turn to and briefly all OPV acquired through UNICEF have thermo-sensors that monitor heat scene of the vaccinum and let limited usage in the heat without agree the vaccinum ( Hull et al, 2001 ) . Furthermore, virus strains in OPV can mutate and recover the ability to go around and whitethorn do vaccine-associated paralytic infantile paralysis ( VAPP ) , which occurs seldom and has low transmittal rates ( Minor, 2009 ) . nigh people with compromised immune-system may cast the vaccinum derived poliovirus ( VDPV ) for old ages, moving as a reservoir for the disease and current medical specialty has no remedy to halt it ( Miller, 2006 ) . Therefore, despite the bell-efficiency ratio of OPV it has some major mistakes that may forestall the accomplishment of obliteration. On the other manus, IPV is administered via injection, doing it expensive to utilize, particularly in developing states ( Miller, 2006 ) . IPV does non do VAPP or VDPV, does non distribute from individual to individual, does non fork over enteric unsusceptibility and does non forestall oral-faecal transmittal of the disease therefore, IPV requires gameer inoculation coverage ( Nomoto et al, 2002 ) . To turn to the job of VAPP and VDPV it has been suggested to exchange from OPV to IPV, nevertheless, the high cost of IPV makes its usage in developing states unlikely but every bit long as OPV is administered the obliteration of infantile paralysis can non be once and for all confirmed ( Minor, 2009 ) .Attempts and methods to get the better of infantile paralysisFirst, by 1990s 80 % of kids were shoot against 6 diseases planning high overall unsusceptibility across populations and the feasibleness of eliminating infantile paralysis was demonstrated in different geographic countries across states with different economic position ( Hull et al, 2001 ) . The methods of obliteration were inspired by the success of Pan-American Health Organization programme that eradicated infantile paralysis from the Western hemisphere by 1990 ( Hull et al, 2001 ) . By today US $ 4 billion has been invested in the run and the planetary instances have been reduced by 99 % since 1988 ( Roberts, 2006 ) . An estimated US $ 1.5 billion will be saved every twelvemonth if polio obliteration is finished and inoculations ceased ( Aylward et al, 2000 ) . Hull and confederates ( 2001 ) have summarised the schemes used to eliminate infantile paralysis First, cursory immunisations that aspire to present 3 OPV doses to babies during their first twelvemonth of life secondly, the debut of national immunisation yearss ( NIDs ) quickly boosts the unsusceptibility of under 5-year-olds and must be continued for at least few old ages after the last reported instance thirdly, the surveillance tag instances of AFP and sends tool samples for analysis and eventually, mopping-up immunisations are intensive house to house hunts th at reach the bulk of people at the terminal stages of infantile paralysis run ( Hull et al, 2001 ) . Recent finds allow OPV to aim type-specific poliovirus, either type 1, or 3 the usage of monovalent OPV ( mOPV ) may increase the public presentation of vaccinum in contending infantile paralysis in states where the disease has been hard to undertake so far ( Aylward et al, 2006 ) . Poliovirus type 2 had already been wiped out by 1999, converting authoritiess and moneymans that accomplishing obliteration of infantile paralysis is possible ( Roberts, 2006 ) . mOPV aiming type 1 poliovirus has already been efficaciously used in several parts in Egypt and India ( Aylward et al, 2006 ) . Additionally, leaders of infantile paralysis run have negotiated armistices for immunizing kids in war zones ( Tangermann et al, 2000 ) . The initial end of infantile paralysis run was to halt inoculations after the obliteration has been certified, for this to go on, extra attempts are required safe con tainment of poliovirus stocks with intensive surveillance until 3 old ages has passed from the last infantile paralysis instance to measure up for enfranchisement and, the last measure is the halt of inoculation ( Hull et al, 2001 ) . Post-eradication inoculation should be carried out with IPV to avoid casting of virus and has to make high coverage rates ( Dutta, 2008 ) . The last stairss of infantile paralysis obliteration are debatable and may be impossible to carry through in current political state of affairs.Troubles and reversesIn add-on to the antecedently mentioned jobs, polio obliteration run has faced serious reverses that have caused uncertainty in the likeliness of polio obliteration. One of the first licking was the infantile paralysis eruption in Hispaniola in 2000, caused by VDPV while the island had been known to be polio-free for old ages and inoculation rates had dropped below 30 % ( Roberts, 2004 ) . In 2003 infantile paralysis inoculations were ceased in Nigeri a because the Muslim leaders feared that the vaccinum was contaminated and would do the population barren as a consequence infantile paralysis spread to more than 18 antecedently polio-free states ( Kluger, 2005 ) . Inoculations were restarted in 2004 after all the trials for taint were disallow but by so infantile paralysis instances had skyrocketed and 20 % of kids in Nigeria were left(p) unprotected ( Kluger, 2005 ) .The fact that the virus can be grueling to observe was acknowledged in 2005 when poliovirus had been mutely go arounding in Sudan for old ages ( Roberts, 2006 ) . Furthermore, wars challenge polio obliteration because full states are unaccessible, unsafe for wellness workers and inoculations can non be on a regular basis carried out. After the declaration of the World Summit for Children in 1990 yearss of tranquility were introduced in set out to to immunize kids in struggle countries and supply them with basic wellness solicitude ( Tangermann et al, 2000 ) . Besides, since the states bear on by struggle normally lack the resources to cover the be of inoculation, money has to come from external beginnings ( Tangermann et al, 2000 ) . fight activity frequently forces 1000s of people leave their place and move to refugee cantonments where conditions for the spread of infective diseases including infantile paralysis are favorable. The mobility of refugees can sabotage the inoculation runs because unvaccinated people may re-introduce the virus into a pathogen free country. Furthermore, the dangers refering poliovirus containment must be addressed the stocks of poliovirus are distributed among legion labs and there is presently no cardinal high-security entrepot installation besides, the little size of poliovirus genome with known sequence can be synthesized in lab and used against susceptible populations by terrorists ( Dove et al, 1997 ) . withal without human intervention the unstable poliovirus could mutate and unite with other ente roviruses in nature ( Arita et al, 2004 ) . Finally, the 4 endemic states India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Nigeria are thickly settled, dumbly habituated, have hapless sanitation and many parts that are hard to entree, and therefore, have rendered all attempts to undertake infantile paralysis useless ( Aylward et al, 2006 ) . Even if polio obliteration was to be achieved it is questionable if inoculation will of all eon halt in the western universe, particularly after the daze of 9/11 and in the turning expose of biological terrorism ( Roberts, 2004 ) . vehement Poliovirus.bmpFigure 1. This map illustrates nicely the correlativity between endemic states of poliovirus and states affected by struggle the bulk of points concentrate around Nigeria, Afghanistan, Pakistan and North India. in all these states are affected by ongoing struggles. ( WHO, 2009 )Criticism of infantile paralysis obliteration runThe review of the run is related to the issues refering vaccinum related infantile paralysis instances, troubles of surveillance due to untypical symptoms, perturbation of everyday immunisations caused by struggles and increasing indifference of people due to holds many of these facets have been discussed in old subdivisions. I will now look at the more general statements against polio obliteration programme that argue wherefore all hereafter obliteration attempts need reconsidering. One of the chief statements against the run is that obliteration of a individual disease can merely be done at the disbursal of other wellness resources even with world-wide aid developing states need to deviate important sum of their ain resources that could be used for supplying other wellness attention services ( Arita et al, 2004 ) . Henderson points out that in developing universe infantile paralysis merely affects 1 in every 200 and putting to deaths 1 in 2000 people, therefore, infantile paralysis is non every bit large menace in comparing to other infective diseases and wo uld otherwise non be considered a precedence ( Roberts, 2004 ) . Others have suggested that money and attending should be focused on major slayer diseases, such as AIDS and malaria that kill, severally, 3 and 1 cardinal people every twelvemonth ( Kluger, 2005 ) . The initial infantile paralysis obliteration deadline of 2000 was non kept and new deadlines are invariably delayed, the most recent one in 2015 ( Arita et al, 2006 ) . 20-year-old on-going infantile paralysis run causes defeat and deficiency of involvement, utilizing up 1000000s that could be used for increasing the overall wellness position in people populating in developing states instead than seeking to extinguish one of many diseases. The one-year costs to keep infantile paralysis run have increased from circa US $ 350 million to US $ 700 million in 2005 ( Roberts, 2006 ) yet there is a important opportunity that inoculations will non halt after obliteration has been certified ( Arita et al, 2004 ) . Finally, the con ditions for infantile paralysis obliteration have changed after the obliteration of variola universe population has increased from 4 billion in 1977 to 6.2 billion today and political state of affairs has become more complicated after the terminal of Cold War when two world powers could order their will ( Arita et al, 2006 ) . Reconsidering the hereafter of obliteration does non intend that infective diseases are non worth the money and attempt. As Miller phrases it plectron is non between making nil and obliteration but between optimum degree of operate on and obliteration ( Miller, 2006 ) .DiscussionThe purpose of this paragraph is to talk over if effectual disease control could replace any future obliteration attempts, including the on-going infantile paralysis run. The current thought of polio obliteration is ground on the success of variola run, nevertheless, Arita and confederates ( 2004 ) argue that eliminating poliovirus in worlds and in the environment is impossible today and suggest redefining the term eradication so that it would merely embrace the finding of pathogens in worlds. Furthermore, Caplan ( 2009 ) argues that obliteration is hazardous because if obliteration is achieved and all immunisation activity stops so worlds will be left vulnerable to the possible re-emergence of the pathogen. As the Hispaniola incident proves we can neer be certain if a virus has gone everlastingly or non. In 2005 the WHO approved the Global Immunization, Vision, and Strategy ( GIVIS ) programme that puts more accent on supplying wellness attention to more people and attempts to incorporate immunisation with other signifiers of medical service ( Arita et al, 2006 ) . Sceptics argue that the WHO new policy prioritising the tuition of basic wellness attention installations web may be noxious to polio run due to reduced political involvement and support ( Roberts, 2006 ) . In order to eliminate an infective disease the inoculation coverage has to be high, w hich leads to another important job. The patients can take non to be vaccinated but by making so they pose a hazard for others and stand in the manner of obliteration ( Caplan, 2009 ) . It will be impossible to deny patients their right to decline from intervention particularly in generation when people are more cognizant of the possible effects of vaccinums and their rights to rule what will be put in their organic structure besides, many will decline from inoculation due to spiritual grounds. Therefore, sing all of the above, it has been suggested that obliteration should be replaced by effectual disease control ( Arita et al, 2006 ) .Arita and Henderson are the two major oppositions of infantile paralysis obliteration and they believe that the run in its current signifier can non win they suggest the incorporation of infantile paralysis vaccinum into everyday immunisation to keep the achievements made so far ( Roberts, 2006 ) . In instance of effectual disease control all st eps used to contend infantile paralysis will be maintained until world-wide instances bead below 500 in less than 10 states, after which the accent will be on surveillance and inoculations will be carried out indefinitely ( Arita et al, 2006 ) . Another of import restore is money infantile paralysis obliteration run needs at least a few more one million millions to finish the undertaking nevertheless, the feasibleness of obliteration is unsure ( Arita et al, 2006 ) . The oppositions for infantile paralysis run argue that increasing investings to accomplish the end is worth it and will salvage money in long term ( Chan, 2007 ) . Polio obliteration from the last pockets is expensive if non impossible. However, the betterments made with mOPV vaccinums and concentrated attempts to undertake the last parts where infantile paralysis is endemic can non be ignored. If polio obliteration programme stopped now so money and attempt invested in the run would be lost, besides, exposure to poli ovirus at an older age is more unsafe ( Miller, 2006 ) . However, after the infantile paralysis obliteration programme reaches closing any farther programs to eliminate a following disease should be postponed. Smallpox and infantile paralysis runs started off with small cognition about the epidemiology of the disease and uncomplete scheme. No other disease should of all time be considered for obliteration without extended research and thorough analysis. Furthermore, trailing down one disease does non live over the disease load that hinders people in developing states. Investing in improved wide base wellness attention that is accessible to everyone will assist to increase the overall good health in developing states and in the long tally will better the life quality of 1000000s of people.DecisionTo sum up, it can be said that all future obliteration runs have to be guardedly assessed before the start of executing. The epidemiology of a disease that is considered for obliteration pl ays a cardinal function in the success of any run, together with the handiness of effectual stable vaccinums. The standard of eradicable disease were fulfilled by both variolas and infantile paralysis, nevertheless, merely smallpox run managed to accomplish the end of zip fastener instances in worlds and devastation of pathogen in the environment. In add-on, in current political clime biological terrorism is regarded as a considerable menace to international security, hence, halting inoculation even after obliteration may non be possible since it would go forth world unprotected against the re-introduction of pathogens. Besides, making an international understanding to get down a undertaking with high committedness may be presently impossible due to the meeting involvements of developing and developed states, yet, political support and support are important for any planetary project. Therefore, at this point effectual disease control alternatively of obliteration may be more execu table and cost efficient.Word Count 4006

Redemption in The Kite Runner Essay

It is only natural for humans to make mistakes, just interchangeable emeer in the unused The Kite Runner, entirely it is how the mistakes are unconquerable that forget dictate whizzs fate. The main character of The Kite Runner, emir, knows a intimacy or two about making mistakes. What he struggles with throughout the novel is finding salvation for those mistakes. Throughout all stages of amirs life, he is striving for salvation. Whether Amir is saying the wrong thing or covert from a hurtful truth, he al dashs finds new things he will mystify to fork over himself for. That is why redemption is a huge underlining field in The Kite Runner. When Amir is a child, he feels his father blames him for his bugger offs death and can non love him. He does e precisething he can have in mind of to try and make up for the mistakes he made in the then(prenominal). Since Amir feels his father does not love him, he thinks of steerings to make things advanced with him. Amir sees Ba ba as a perfect higher presence that he could never amount to.When the kite running competition comes around he takes this opportunity to prove to his father that he can be more(prenominal) of an ideal son to Baba, ultimately getting redemption for everything his father has not approved of. Amir sees Baba as a perfect father auspicate because everyone looks up to him. Amir could never live up to Babas expectations of him and that is where the stem turn of redemption comes to play between these two characters. Although Amir impresses his father by winning the kite running competition, he ends the sidereal day by pain his best friend in a terrible way and one day he will have to find a way to make up for it. Amir and Hassan are two inseparable children, that their relationship is unusual because Hassan is Amirs servant. Amir is never very nice to Hassan, simply Hassan would never turn his back on Amir. This is unornamented when he says, For you a thousand times over. Amir makes a huge mistake one day by hurting Hassan and it takes a very long time for him to find a way to drive home himself. The kit running competition was supposed to be the best day of Amirs life.He would win, and earn his dads irresponsible love once and for all, but things are not perpetually as they seem. Although Amir did win the competition, whatsoeverthing went very wrong. Hassan will always have Amirs back, until the day he dies he would do anything for him. When Amir let down the last Kite down from the sky, Hassan decided to run it. Assef and his two friends didnt exactly want Hassan to bring the kite back to Amir. Amir is a very evil young boy and since Hassan would do anything for Amir, he refuses to gift the kite over to Assef. Hassans final act of bravery results in his outrage and Amirs next big mistake. Amir watches Assef and his friends rape Hassan, but he does nothing to help his friend. Amir goes many age knowing this information but never tells anyone, but what goes around comes around. When everything eventually catches up with Amir, he is a grown man. Things in Amirs life have finally settled down, but now the past is brought back up he must go find redemption once more. Amir survived his childhood, made a good life for himself and marries a beautiful Afghan woman named Soraya. One thing Amir is strip of in his life is the ability to have children.Amirs inability to have children could possibly be looked at as coincidental or symbolic to him making amends for his past mistakes and mis with child(p)s. Amir receives a surround call from his fathers old friend Rahim khan. Although Rahim is dying, he asks Amir to come visit him in Afghanistan. Amir soon realizes that the main apprehension Rahim Khan asked him to visit was not to see him before he died, but because Rahim wants to help Amir succeed in reaching his final redemption. Rahim Khan has known about the kite running competition for Amirs entire life, and he has a way for him t o try and set things right. Hassan, who is idle now, has a son, but he is an orphan boy. The Taliban has taken over Afghanistan and they killed Hassan and his married woman in cold blood. Sohrab, who is Hassans son, has been taken by the Taliban as recompense for the orphanage. Rahim Khan puts Amir up to the challenge of going to find Sohrab and giving him a proper home.He states, I have a way to make things right again. In order for Amir to redeem his past with Hassan, he must go and find Sohrab, who is the ultimate symbol of redemption in Amirs life. Finding Sohrab was Amirs greatest accomplishment, it was the ultimate redemption for all the evil and unjust things that have haunted his past. Amir fails to stand up for himself and others, as a child. As an adult, he redeems his uncourageous past by setting it right with the help of some very close family members. Amir goes through many stages in his life, but he always seems to be redeeming himself for something. Sometimes life s eems to move out in the end, and the search for redemption may not always be easy, as witnessed in Amirs case. However, a ardent will and determination can help guide the road to redemption and possible forgiveness.

Love Obedience Duty Essay

The themes warmth, faithfulness and avocation do non only run strongly passim Romeo and Juliet, they be the main themes of the diddle and ar essential motives for the umteen of the horizontalts that legislate in the course of this run across. These themes are of highly significant importance to the events that broadcast in the institute, the development of characters and the general reports and values Shakespeare presents to the audience.The theme love is doubtlessly unity of the most burning(prenominal), possibly most, themes in the play. It is because Romeo and Juliet fall in love with each some other that most of the subsequent events occur. In Act II look II, the balcony scene, the devil lovers express their romantic feelings for each other confidential in constructation to their engagement (Lines 143-148 If that thy bent of love be celebrateableAnd follow thee my master throughout the world). Through this love the audience is able to figure the hardships of love that the two unexperienced lovers go through, separation and ultimately death. The two characters are infatuated with each other and this drives them to become hasty with decisions.The development of both(prenominal) Romeo and Juliets characters links to the romantic love that they share. Romeo, at the beginning of the play feels he will never love again as Rosalind does not return his love (Act I pic I Lines 221-222 She hath forsworn to love, and in that imprecation Do I live dead that live to tell it at a time) although this changes when he see Juliet. Juliet appears to be obedient and loyal to her family, promising to puddle Paris a chance (Act I Scene III Lines 97-99 Ill look to likeThan your consent gives strength to make it fly.), until her love of Romeo weeping her loyalties apart.It is not only this type of love (romantic) that this play explores. Loves such as dutiful love is displayed through Paris, who loves Juliet dutifully while Juliet is expected to do s o to Paris (Paris shows this in Act V Scene III, transport flowers to Juliets grave). Conditional love is shows through Juliets parents, who arrange her marriage, ostensibly unjust, but arguably with her best interests at heart (Act III Scene IV Lines 12-17 Sir Paris, I will make a desperate accompaniment Of my childs loveon Wednesday next).Thefriendship in the midst of Mercutio, Benvolio and Romeo is another(prenominal) example of love that leads to events in the play. For instance, the death of Mercutio leads Romeo to seek avenge for his death (Act III Scene I Lines 122-129 Alive in triumph, and Mercutio offEither thou, or I, or both, must go with him.). The fatherly affinity Friar Laurence and Romeo share can be a reason for the friars involvement in the play. Love connects the characters of the play to one another as they share more or less form of love in some way for another person. Love thus plays a significant berth in the play.Obedience is a key theme in the play a lthough it is less wide spread across characters. This theme is mostly applicable towards Juliet but it can be applied to Romeo as well. The issue of family honour versus personal gain is brought up by the way Juliet is required to get wind to her father and marry Paris although she is in love with Romeo (Act III Scene V Lines 120-123 I pray you, tell my lord and fatherThese are news indeed). The same can be applied to Romeo and his father. The two lovers are compelled to take their families side in this civil brawl and cannot be together. Thus, this theme provides the play with the complication and can therefore be tell to be important.The theme of vocation is one of great significance. Most characters perish to either the Montague or Capulet household so the theme is tied in. The idea presented is that one has a province to follow the beliefs and values of your family even though you do not believe in them. Romeo is one such case. This is an important issue addressed, as Sh akespeare could be satirical of society in this manner. Romeo and Juliet are able to break away from this and love one another even though they know it would not be approved of. This is a resilient point in the play (Act II Scene II).Another form of duty is similar to loyalty. It is the duty of having to obey, for instance Juliet is torn because she has a duty to obey her father and family values but she to a fault has a duty to be loyal to her husband, Romeo (Act III Scene II Lines 73-85 O ophidian heartIn such a gorgeous palace.).Duty, like the other two themes play just as important a berth in the play.The trey themes, love, obedience and duty, are obviously linked to one another. Obedience and duty are very much similar. Obedience and duty are connected to love because they prohibit and constrict it in many ways. Romeo and Juliets obedience and duty for their family made a barrier for their love. The play is simply about that. Thus, the importance and significance of all t hree themes together is apparent.Love, obedience and duty are the fundamental themes of the play Romeo and Juliet. The plot and explanation is based around these three themes and without them there would be no story. These three are also crucial in shaping the characters personalities as their feelings towards these three issues show the audience what theyre like. Love, obedience and duty are also important in the overall meaning of the play, addressing the problems and giving a coda or message. The above stated points draw a conclusion that the themes love, obedience and duty play significantly important roles in the play Romeo and Juliet.

A Man For All Seasons

The miscellanea from night to day (81 ) Is conveyed using a simple transform of firinging. set come out of the closet conveys the nonion of heighten. Many scene removes are followed by the subsequent change in lighting. Like the setting of the sun indicating the change into night. xeroxs use of light gives the viewers an ability to feel the mood of the next scene and announce the outcomes. The candle is employ numerous time throughout the play and is a source of focused light. It Is small and casts a dim light, bringing the tone of darkness and conspiracy. When put forwardn away or blown out, it represents a change the end of something.Wolves exits the fix up, taking most of the light from the stage as he does so (13) bad the scene a dark and sinister feeling. It foreshadows the change of Lord Chancellor to doubting doubting Thomas more(prenominal), and how this new position is going to be anesthetizesome and fatal. Cromwell seizes Rich by the wrist and he holds his hand in the candle flame (46) stir Rich and Introducing the feelings of cruelty and horror Into the atmosphere. Cromwell frightening characterizationion reflects what has happened In that scene how Rich has now switched sides, ending his blood with more than.T replacement friendship sm oldering away eke a slow burn. Silences are as Important as dialogue in a play? contend the most significant dumb moments In the play and their Importance. There are legion(predicate) dummy ups In the play, such as those of the common Man, who chose to maintain silence Instead of revealing the plotting against more than. more had also kept placid as Rich took the silver cup which signifies corruption instead of the teaching Job, a way to benefit society. In Act II, more remains silent about Norfolk until he is sure that the friendship should be ended.When Norfolk states that More should take the oath, More ends his silence s well as the friendship. The biggest silence Is Meres, which h ad kept him alive through the ordeal of King Henrys divide until the very end. This silence, consort to the bible, cannot be seen as dissent towards the king. He wittily uses this silence to his return in order to protect himself-importance and his family against the virtue, as well as to counteract perjuring his beliefs. However, Cromwell argument that silence can signify affirmation with the example of the silent murder witnesses cost More his life.More also protects his family from the faithfulness by refusing to say them. The silence e maintains about his opinions with the Act of Supremacy Is foreshadowed by the takes offence, by staying silent in front of them, they are able to truthfully answer in a court of rightfulness that they do not fill in his opinions. Stage cautions convey a great deal how do the stage directions for the third estate Man convey the plays ideas? The usual Man is used by Robert expire to change the setting of the stage in the play. Many tim es in the play, he changes the setting while in character.He also addresses the auditory soul and comments on the action as a character within the play. Robert smack uses the Common Man as a narrator through he stage directions to help the play to flow as a report card rather than a play. Due to the Common Mans stage directions, he is meant to move in the earshot into the play rather than alienate them. He begins the first act by saying, It is perverse To start a play made up of kinds and Cardinals in speaking costumes and intellectuals with embroidered mouths, with me. (1) The Common Man is to represent the common token of people and through his actions and different characters throughout the play, the Common Man is relatable for the audience members and his reliability is conveyed through his stage directions. The Common Man is also used to superiorlight the traits of the other characters. As the boatman, he is used to demonstrate meres generosity. (15) The Common Man is a lso used to connect the two acts. At the first of Act II, the Common Man is used by Bolt to learn the change of time and setting, he sets up the scene by loose the audience some concealmentground.The foreign pissing is emphasized by the Common Mans speech at the beginning of Act II, a lot of wet flowed under the bridge (47). The Common Man is used as a tool to help bring the play together and to help get the other characters within the lay. Thematic Questions On page 1 5-16More has a conversation with the boatman. Explore the ethical implications of their discussion. How does the imagery of the boat and piddle reflect those ideas? In the preface to the play, Robert Bolt addresses his usage of water as a figure for the superhuman context. The sea is unpredictable, un cognise and alien giving it a sense of supernaturalism. He states that his main metaphors are the sea and water that the references to ships, rivers, currents, tides, navigation (xvi) are all used to create a poe tic image with philosophical depth. He compares society by contrast figures as dry land. Although Thomas More grasps onto the safety of the law and land, his trust takes him out into the chaos of the sea. Within the play, the symbolism of Meres faith in deity as water and his belief in the law as the land is explored.Since Bolt intended the land to be considered to be a safe and known concept within the play, it can be compared to Meres knowledge in law. More is educated in law and he constantly uses the law to back his arguments. Due to meres knowledge of the law, he knows that he cannot be accused of high treason. The law s a causeway upon which so long as he keeps to it a citizen may walk safely. (92) More is comparing the law to a citizens walkway, if the law is kept, the citizens should When a man takes an oath, hes holding his own self in his own hands.Like water and if he opens his fingers then- he neednt hope to come on himself again. (83) Since More refuses to take the o ath towards King Henrys divorce, he is avoiding the law. He is choosing his faith and religion over the law water over land. By not taking the oath, More doesnt open his fingers and he doesnt lose himself. He stays rooted in his faith. Only God is love right through, Howard and thats my self. (71) In the end, More explores the extent of his faith and he learns to walk on water, by putting all his trust in God and putting God above the law.Character Questions Compare and contrast Thomas More and William Roper. Thomas More and William Roper were both upright men who had a crocked sense of morality and goodness. More and Roper differ in terms of religion. eyepatch More is unwavering in his Catholicism, Roper has swayed towards the Lutheran Church to begin with turning back to Catholicism. More is modest in his dress, refusing to change compensate when the king visited. However, Roper is bold in clothing, changing into a impressive black robe and cross after his conversion back t o Catholicism. Bolt calls More a hero of selfless. (xiv), referring to how he keeps his morals intact even up when his life is threatened. Both men were well educated in law and put in service of the crown, with More as the lord prime minister and Roper being called to the bar. (16) Thomas More is a conservative, sensible man with a solid foundation on his morals and beliefs. He is not free-spoken about his ideas, and he tries to guide people in the eight direction by posing questions and choices instead of being direct. William Roper, however, is more liberal, and energetic. More is older and more experienced with life, careful with his speech and loyal to his conscience.Roper speaks his mind, thinking light of the effects of his words. He is constantly voicing his opinions at every opportunity, leadership to Meres warning to protect his family. He also stands very firm on his beliefs and what he feels is right. Roper is one to take quick action, doing what he wants to do. How ever, More is thoughtful about his actions, staying out of harms ay and hiding behind his knowledge of the law and having faith in it. Through Ropers actions within the play, Roper is Meres foil and emphasizes Meres strong belief in God and the Church in contrast to his warmth for whichever church he was in at the time.Compare and contrast Cardinal Wolves and Thomas Cromwell. Cardinal Wolves and Thomas Cromwell were both key figures in this play, as prestigious members of government. They were both practical, politically aware men that played important roles in the affair of the kings divorce, and recognized the importance of having an heir to the throne. There are many physical differences between Wolves and Cromwell. Wolves is Old. A big decayed body in scarlet (xx), whereas Cromwell is in his late thirties, and dressed in black.Beyond the physical, the name of strong action (xx), while Wolves is ambitious and intelligent, although his character is not well-developed to begin with his expiry early in the play due to pulmonary pneumonia. His death serves as a warning for anyone else that did not follow the wishes of the king, and foreshadows the eventual death of Thomas More. Both Cromwell and Wolves try their surmount to complete what the King wants. When the inning wants something done, Cromwell does it. (21). Cromwell doesnt nab to question the kings desires, nor does he try to compromise with those who are against the King.He wished to gain power through the affairs of the king despite the immoral consequences. Wolves tries to find shift paths to the same outcome for the king, he looks at all aspects of the situation before drawing a conclusion. His wisdom is shown when he tells More that Letting King Henry without an heir and well have them back again. Let him die without an heir and this peace you think so much of will go out like that (12) Wolves takes others opinions into account whereas Cromwell only cares for the result that will make him self look best.Wolves failed to obtain the Popes dispersion, and therefore did not succeed in fulfilling the Kings wishes for divorce, while Cromwell devised many plans that led to the achievement of the divorce through force. Compare and contrast Lady Alice and Lady Margaret. Alice and Margaret are the ones enveloping(prenominal) to Thomas More. Both women are intelligent and righteous. This is shown when they agree that Rich was to be arrested when it became apparent that he had betrayed More. Alice is Meres wife, an recogniseing and caring woman that trusts in More beyond simple reasoning.She generalises that he values morality over his life,and she feels that More the best man that she ever met. (86) Alice is sad to see her loved one go, plainly accepts his final resolution and painfully comes to terms with his decision. Unlike her stepmother, Margaret does not understand his reasons for sacrificing his life. Meg is under oath to persuade More (83) to choose life over moral ity. Alice is an impressive woman in her forties with an incredible ability to understand and worship her husband (xx) as well as society, leading to trouble and defiance towards both.Margaret is a beautiful girl in her twenties with a naivety that is fostered by the care of her father. Both Alice and Margaret possess a arbitrary love and care for Thomas More that they act upon in many occasions in the play. For instance, they repeatedly asked him about his conversations with Cardinal Wolves. Also, they prepared a feast for the Kings visit on his behalf. Although More is evasive and silent on his affairs, they think nothing but good of him, and support him to the end.