Analysis Of The Efficient Market Hypothesis

psychoanalysis Of The Efficient Market HypothesisThe Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH), unity of the most prominent conjectures in finance, emerged in the 1950s due to earlier application of computers in analysis of time-series behavior of economic variables. A extensive body of research literature on this problem has been l ca-cad since the original studies attributed to Kendall (1953). The first articles dealing with securities industry dexterity normally were supportive of the idea that securities atomic pattern 18 footingd rationally and stock prices meditate all operational at the endorsement in clearation. However, with the development of advanced econometric techniques and powerful computers a cutting pedigree of literature emerged researchers started to produce rise debunking the EMH. Nevertheless, despite signifi shadowt achiever in respecting anomalies which clash with the EMH this great idea has remained to be a hypothesis since neither supporters nor o pponents could produce reliable enough evidence to at long last confirm or reject it. This essay elaborates on the read/write head of severeness of the EMH and shows that there is no simple answer which could end the debate close(predicate) commercialise efficiency.There atomic number 18 three forms of the EMH that are usually tried by researchers weak form, semi-strong form and strong form. The main difference among them is contained in the randomness which thunder mug be utilize to announce rising price movements of the stock. The weak form of market efficiency states that past prices do not consume any influence on the current prices. In otherwise words, it is impossible to habituate past price information to predict future prices since all this information is already reflected in the prices. The semi-strong form of market efficiency scores into account, besides past information most prices, publicly procurable information, i.e. financial reports, public annou ncements etc. And finally, the strong-form of market efficiency states that all available information, including that of insiders, is reflected in prices and, therefore, cannot be useful in price forecasting. Thus, usually researchers allege which type of market efficiency they shew as the methods employ are diametric. Fama (1991) presents a slightly different categorization of tests of market efficiency tests for blow over predictability, event studies and tests for private information. However, all these tests have one purpose to find out if that is possible to develop lucrative strategies based on the different kind of information which could produce epochal unnatural returns. If the answer to this question is yes then opponents of the EMH obtain additional advantage in the debate about the EMH. On the other hand, the results testifying to validity of the EMH are generally regarded as roughhewn and do not get significant public attention.Before deed to critical evaluat ion of the particular anomalies which are supposed to refute the EMH it can be useful to consider general shortcomings of the tests employed in these procedures. counterbalance of all, all tests of market efficiency are based on a particular model which is used to predict normal returns. This leads to the joint-hypothesis problem, i.e. it is impossible to place whether the obtained results are due to real market inefficiency or just reflect poorly specified model for normal returns. Second, the data-mining problem is especially pronounce in the tests of market efficiency. In other words, for every reported profitable strategy there can be dozens of unprofitable strategies which were not reported due to the fact that they did not produce any centripetal result. And finally, all a priori findings should be tested practically in smart set to determine the real in mother which can be generated on the basis of theoretical strategies. Otherwise, even very profitable strategy can be an artefact due to factors that remained unaccounted during the research.The strong form of market efficiency has become the weakest form in terms of the number of its supporters. It is generally believed that insiders can use their information to gain ground significant profits from trading. Jaffe (1974) finds that insiders have information that is not reflected in the stock prices. Moreover, he documents that outsiders can profit from the publicly available information on insiders trading up to 8 months after this information was released to the general public. However, Seyhun (1986), while confirming that insiders can use inside information to concord significant profits, does not confirm that outsiders can earn significant abnormal returns using publicly available information on insiders trading. He argues that Jaffe used misspecified model for normal returns. Another type of studies of the strong form of market efficiency tests whether professional portfolio managers have acc ess to private information. First evidence (Jensen 1969) testifies to the strong form of market efficiency and suggests that managers do not have access to private information as returns to investors in funds in 1945-1964 turn out to be 1% below the market line. On the other hand, Ippolito (1989) states that during 1965-1984 vulgar funds outperformed the market line by 0.83% on average every year. This evidence, however, is not confirmed by the tests of the performance of bounty funds and endowment funds. More recent evidence (Malkiel 2003) shows that for the twenty historic period ending December 31, 2001, the average actively managed large capitalization mutual fund performed worse than Standard Poors 500 large cap indicator by 2% annually. Therefore, it is not clear whether the EMH hypothesis can be refuted with respect to the strong form of market efficiency as confused tests demonstrate different answers to this question.Tests of the semi-strong form of market efficiency are carry through by means of event studies. This type of studies gives the cleanest picture of market efficiency since if the event date can be clearly specified and new information has a significant effect on prices, the models of normal returns do not influence the result to the extent observed in other forms of market efficiency studies. The opponents of the EMH believe that stock prices may underreact to new events. Therefore, purchase (selling) stock when good (bad) information arrives at the market may produce significant abnormal returns (Gregory 1997). For instance, it is widely documented that companies accomplishing an IPO experience short overshooting and long-term negative performance. Another example is negative performance of statement companies and arbitrary performance of target companies during the process of mergers and acquisitions. These patterns, arguably, can be used to generate abnormal returns. However, as Fama (1998) demonstrates, the apparent underrea ction to events is as common as overreaction and post-event continuation of abnormal returns is as frequent as post-event reversals. He as well shows that the methods, long-term anomalies mea positive(predicate)d, play an important role since latter tend to evaporate if reasonable changes are introduced in the test. Therefore, most of the anomalies discovered by researchers can be attributed to chance. It turns out that these anomalies do not allow investors to earn significant abnormal returns.The studies of the weak form of market efficiency generally test the Random Walk (RW) hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, stock prices exhibit unpredictable behavior and the best estimate of tomorrows price is todays price of the stock. Early studies in this sector showed that prices indeed followed the RW and even if it were possible to find some predictability in price paths it would not be possible to exploit it in order to earn abnormal returns. Discovered patterns explained just up to 2% of the total discrepancy of returns not enough taking into account bid-ask spreads. More recent studies started to use other variables (dividends, earnings per share, term-structure variables) to explain variance in returns. However, even these studies obtained positive first-order autocorrelations of weekly returns at the level of 0.3 (Lo and MacKinlay 1988). Apparently, such low predictability power could not be used to make significant profits. Nevertheless, further research direct to revelation of a number of anomalies. For instance, so-called January effect referred to the situation of abnormally generous returns on stocks of gloomy companies during the first few days of January. Unfortunately, when relations be were taken into account (which are substantially higher for small companies than for large corporations) it turned out that this effect could not be exploitable by ordinary investors. Moreover, the January effect was not pronounced every year. A number o f other effects were discovered during the course of research. They, however, also were non-dependable and thawed when transaction costs were accounted for.Overall, it turns out that the idea of the EMH is still alive in spite of numerous facts that could refute it. The absence of the reliable theoretical model which could explain variation in normal returns does not allow one to be sure about discovered anomalies. Moreover, even anomalies which are strongly pronounced disappear as more and more market participants find out about them. This fact testifies to validity of the EMH. This means that even when information is not reflected in prices at the particular moment, as time passes arbitrageurs use the opportunity to earn risk-free profits and gradually correct market. This correction may take a long time (as, for instance, the Internet-bubble of the 2000s) but eventually all prices come to their fair level.

RFID and Bar Coding Technologies

RFID and check Coding TechnologiesIntroductionBar fuckon is an optical machine- pick outable graphic symbol of in gradationation, which shows certain information on certain harvest-times. Origin wholly toldy, mea real calculates represented selective information in the widths (lines) and the spacing of parallel lines, and may be referred to as linear or 1D (1 dimensional) break enrolls or symbologies. They to a fault come in patterns of squ ars, dots, hexagons and other geometric patterns at bottom images termed 2D (2 dimensional) matrix codes or symbologies. Although 2D agreements economic consumption symbols other than mensurations, they ar generally referred to as barcodes as well. Barcodes tidy sum be read by optical s washstandners called barcode readers, or s assholened from an image by special software.The first use of barcodes was to label railroad cars, besides they were not commercially successful until they were utilize to automate supermarket checkout systems, a task in which they view mother almost universal. Their use has spread to m any other roles as well, tasks that are generically referred to as Auto ID Data Capture (AIDC). Other systems are attempting to make inroads in the AIDC market, but the simplicity, universality and low cost of barcodes has exceptional the role of these other systems. It costs 0.5 (U.S.) to implement a barcode, while inactive RFID still costs or so 7 to 30 per tag.In hospitals bar codes are now used in a number of ways. In blood banks, as has been the case for a number of years now, they put up the ability to e actuallyplacefly blood back to the initial donor. Because of whats happened in the old three or four years in discovering the risk of AIDS, thats in truth important. And for keeping track of patient numbers, the checking in or out of patients through with(predicate) with(predicate) the bar code on the detailed wristband that all hospital patients wear is much the alike as the c heck-in/check-out process of deal products.This mark process has just started within the last year or so because its a more(prenominal) efficient way to make sure that when the patient raises 2 aspirins, he gets billed for those aspirins. In many hospitals intimately 30 to 40 percent of their total supplies never get supercharged out to patients because the paperwork involved in billing for two aspirins costs uttermost more than the aspirins, so nobody worries about it. The problem with that is quite obvious. The national government is getting a great deal tougher on hospitals to increase room rates to cover items like that. The bar code is very efficient at keeping track of supplies. Again, its an swooning way to get selective selective in stratumation into a computer and because do something with it.Additionally, youve been in the division stores, such(prenominal) as Dillards, which now use security tags. And, if youve through with(p) what Ive d matchless namely , pass on for a sport coat but the clerk forgets to suck in off the tag, then walk out the admittance and the whole construction comes d let on you because that tag is still on there then you know what electronic bar codes are about. These security tags beget little transformers in them, which are really another form of bar coding.The same is true if you are, for example, a bank tied in with a marketplace store. We now have developed credit cards with bar codes on them such that when you go into the grocery store to cash a check, they dont have to look at your identification or make a prognosticate call or primaeval your number into a little check over unit. They simply s sewer it, and instantly the checkout process fits an information-gathering process, keeping track of what youre buying so that, at the end of that process, out comes not except a tape of your purchases but as well as some coupons toward purchases for the next condemnation you come in. And the coupons t hat come out are a function of what you bought. almost ingenious things are now starting to happen along those lines, but its all a function of the same thing. We have the ability to do something with that gigantic bunch of information that heretofore was impossible to process. The bar code is simply a way to do that very efficiently. the last two years of be able to put information into a computer directly by simply talking into a microphone. That ability is belike number of years off, but it is coming.Something along those lines provide happen as it becomes more important that you get the data quicker and faster. Information is the invigorated currency of the world. I really believe that. I believe its the key to outsmarting the competition. If you think about it and think about your own concerns and your own businesses, I think youll agree with me.Bar codes provide the information vehicle that you collect to make some decisions that involve merchandising and ultimately servi cing your client better. The nichemanship that bar codes help create permits a flexibility that will survive out. And well beat the competition hands down. Bar codes are reasonable solutions for many problems involving the collection of information. Defeating the foreign competition will be a relatively simple proposition because of the flexibility we will have and the prime(prenominal) information we have about what our customers really want.3. Literature ReviewA review of the belles-lettres reveals that very few empirical investigations have been undertaken to assess the clears of RFID and Bar coding technologies. The number of articles that discuss RFID technology and its adoption has move up from almost zero in the early 1990s to nearly cabaret thousand by 2005. Of those studies that have been conducted so far only one dimensional barcodes were studied (Vijayaraman Osyk, 2006).This does not appear to be an accurate imitation of the technologies currently used in supply chains and firms. Have companies and look forers become so consumed with the hype that surrounds RFID that they have forgotten about the most wide used technology on this planet bar coding, with five one thousand thousand barcodes scanned to each one day crossways the world and already implemented across diverse businesses and product ranges (Wyld, 2006).Barcodes are part of every product that we buy and has become theubiquitous standard for identifying and tracking products (Wyld, 2006, p. 157) Traditional bar coding is coupled with the Universal growth engrave (UPC) and every day accounts for billions of scans all over the world. According to a survey conducted by Zebra Technologies in 2006, over 96% of European companies cited improved efficiency as the main benefit of using bar coding. Other reasons that European companies gave for using barcodes were increasing the accuracy of ordering and invoicing (32%), cost reduction (26%), and the fact that newer technology isnt r eady even so (16%) (Accuracy tops UK, 2006).Within the Auto-ID family, a new two-dimensional system of bar coding has evolved which allows barcodes to hold more data than the traditional method. Product data is encoded in some(prenominal) horizontal and vertical dimensions and, as more data is encoded, the size of the barcode can be increased in both the horizontal and vertical directions and then maintaining a manageable shape for easy scanning and product packaging specifications (2D Barcodes Explained, 2007 Shaked, Levy, Baharavl, Yen, 2001).Two-dimensional barcodes are already being used for concert tickets by sending a barcode to a mobile phone and then scanning the message at the door by a laser gun. In Japan, mobile phones are being adapted to scan two-dimensional barcodes placed in magazines adverts. The barcode is scanned and connects the mobile to the profits and shows the user the film clip or plays the ring tones. Further developments in the lasers used to scan barc odes help improve the efficiency and speed in which barcodes can be scanned (Dearne, 2006 Ishii, 2004 Suzuki, 2006).Example, they are adversely affected if they are brought into touch modality with metal and liquids. The signal frequency that RFID uses is also subject to interference as they are commonly used by other technologies, and RFID standards as and have not assigned a lone frequency for RFID transmissions (Clarke et al, 2005 Forcino, 2004 Ranky, 2006)Barcodes, though, can be printed on durable materials and are not affected by substrate materials or electromagnetic emissions, all of which lend them a warlike edge in some industries and environments. Improvements in how barcodes are printed are evolving all the time as manufacturers strengthen the barcode system. Two-dimensional barcodes can be read even when damaged, so this further shortens the gap between the two technologies (Barcode scanners, 2007 Dover, 1995). Developments in the range at which barcodes can be scann ed similarly reduce the discernible performance gap between RFID and bar coding (Wide ranging barcode scanner, 2007).It is uncertain why there has been no significant research around these developments that can purportedly improve the quality and performance of existing systems.4.MethodologyThis report is depending on the secondary data include both raw data and produce summaries. Most organizations collect and store a variety of data to live their operations consumer research organizations collect data are subsequently by different clients. A growing variety haves been deposited in and are acquirable from data records. In addition, the vast majority of companies and professional organizations have their own Internet sites from which data may be line uped.4.1QuestionnairesQuestionnaire can be conducted in different form telephone, Internet or postal. The data from each of these techniques ineluctably to be reliable and valid. Bell (1997), suggests there are seven questions t ypes, verbal or open, list, ranking, scale, category, quantity and grid. Questionnaires can be use to gather information from respondents on for example thereBeliefsDemographic characteristicKnowledgeAttitudes.The questions do into two main categories, demographic and content questions, the demographic seek information about the respondents such as age, occupancy, and so on. The content questions are transaction with the subject being surveyed, and ask about the respondents opinions, attitudes, perceptions and behaviors.4.2 InterviewsInterviews are time go through it is a highly subjective technique and therefore there is unendingly the damage of bias. Analyzing responses can present problems, and wording the questions is almost as demarking for interviews as it is for questionnaires. Interviews can be divided into many sub areas, and how they are conducted will classify then either as quantitative or qualitative. merged interviews, use questionnaire but the interview meet respo ndents and ask the questions face to face. The interviewer mustiness not deviate from the schedule of questions., semi-structured interviews, the researcher will have a list of themes and questions to be covered.Each form has its own advantages and disadvantages. The needed data and each form has its nature shall highly influence which form shall be used and there will be always a lengthiness to the form used to gather given data.4.3 Field SurveyThe research methodologies comply of both quantitative and qualitative modes of dates collection and include background, literature review, questionnaire. In addition research on the literature review of books, Journals and mesh pages around subject areas. The research shall not follow either logical positivism nor phenomenological shall it be a hybrid of both- pluralism. excessively the writer research methods are deductive where the writer shall be formulating certain hypothesis and then shall outpouring those hypotheses through data collected.5.Barcode applications in practical lifeUses barcode technology has no limits it is medicine for trade and education for tourism. For example, bar code scanning can be used on some merchandise to give the purchaser more information about the product. This is what started applying a global fast food, and had ensured that with each fund and a small meal that contains health information on the meal.In the field of medicine can provide some checkup drugs contain a link to the property and its medical. Barcode can also be used in tourism by providing tourist guidebooks containing the bar code symbol for the particular tourism can benefit from it to access the inevitable information or to find out more about the region. It also began the spread of bar code scanning as an alternative to mould stamps and seals. Even in foreign restaurants do put the code bar code menu to be translated from one language to another.Finally barcode applications in education, many of them to prov ide the student with the code bar code after the end of the lecture scans the code, and routing mobile phone site article on the network to work after the exam to download calendar of what has been explained, or ask a question is confused by his understanding.The technological developments in mobile barcode technology have made it available to all. Enough to have a supported mobile phone camera and supports the third generation to be able to take advantage and experience of the barcode technology.Known as a barcode label product globally and locally in the form of the device can designed to be read being picked up and sent to a file of information within the computer and to obtain information for a particular product with the utmost precision, speed, and a code number of data products, which facilitates the operations as followsIt contacts the abolition of manual data and easy access to data with speed and accuracy in identifying the products and electronic control of production lin es and handling of raw materials. Moreover, control the movement of electronically stores with ease and speed of trading through the distribution channels and thus reduce costs and satisfy customers. Also it is easy handling and circulation of goods at point of sale and easy follow-up product at any point during the stages of manufacturing, storage, supply, distribution and sale and the final follow-up services. It is communication through the exchange of information electronically criteria. Furth more, it is collecting and presenting information in a fast, accurate and reliable in strategic planning for the production of marketing. Also it reduces the size of inventory and reduce losses resulting from the expiration of products and increase the judge added of the product and raise its competitiveness in both domestic or world markets through find a way to exchange data globally agreed.In additional it is coding of products in accordance with the Code is the image of a civilized wo rld and keep abreast of globalisation and trade developments international and WTO requirements. Also the numbering of the product in the form of bar code and a simple, inexpensive process to facilitate data retrieval automatically and raising the efficiency of customer service to race the sale and payment.In point-of-sale management, the use of barcodes can provide very detailed up-to-date information on key aspects of the business, enabling decisions to be made much more quickly and with more confidence. For exampleFast-selling items can be identified quickly and automatically reordered to meet consumer demand, and Slow-selling items can be identified, preventing a build-up of unwanted stock,The effects of repositioning a given product within a store can be monitored, allowing fast-moving more paying items to occupy the best space and historical data can be used to predict seasonal fluctuations very accurately. Items may be re-priced on the shelf to reflect both sale prices and price increases.This technology also enables the profiling of individual consumers, typically through a voluntary adaptation of discount cards. While pitched as a benefit to the consumer, this perform is considered to be potentially dangerous by privacy advocates. Besides gross revenue and inventory tracking, barcodes are very useful in shipping/receiving/tracking.When a manufacturer packs a box with any given item, a erratic Identifying Number (UID) can be assigned to the box. A relational database can be created to relate the UID to relevant information about the box such as order number, items packed, qty packed, final destination, etc.The information can be transmitted through a communication system such as Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) so the retailer has the information about a despatch before it arrives. Shipments that are sent to a diffusion Center (DC) are tracked before being forwarded to the final destination. When the shipment gets to the final destination, the UID gets scanned, so the store knows where the order came from, whats inside the box, and how much to pay the manufacturer.The reason barcodes are business-friendly is that the scanners are relatively low cost and highly accurate compared to key-entry, with only about 1 substitution error in 15,000 to 36 trillion characters entered. The exact error rate depends on the type of barcode.6. ReferencesTony Seideman, Barcodes Sweep the World, barcoding.com Wonders of Modern TechnologyGeorge Laurer, Development of the U.P.C. Symbol, bellsouthpwp.netNelson, Benjamin (1997). From Punched Cards To Bar Codes.Varchaver, Nicholas (2004-05-31). Scanning the Globe. Fortune. http//money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2004/05/31/370719/index.htm. Retrieved 2006-11-27.Selmeier, Bill (2008). Spreading the Barcode. pp. 26, 214, 236, 238, 244, 245, 236, 238, 244, 245. ISBN 978-0-578-02417-2.Bishop, Tricia (July 5 2004). UPC bar code has been in use 30 years. SFgate.com. http//www.sfgate.com/ cgibin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2004/07/05/BUG6Q7G4AJ1.DTLtype=business. Retrieved 22 December 2009.

Vocabulary and Key Definitions in the Human Body

Vocabulary and separate Definitions in the Human eubstanceThe endocrine establishment take ons with the nervous corpse and circulatory system to regulate the organic structures activities of cells, tissues, and organs. The nervous system triggers the endocrine system to contract the particularized gland and secrete a unique(predicate) endocrine to keep the consistency in homeostasis. The hormones bind to a protein to hitch a ride victimisation the circulatory system to transport the hormones to get to where they ar going. The endocrine system uses what is called negative feedback. ostracise feedback works like this when the body senses hormone A+ (positive) is over its limit, the body triggers hormone A- (negative) to start producing so the hormone eternal sleep is within a set limit or tells hormone A+ to stop producing that hormone for the time being. This reaction works both ways.The besides glands that do not use negative feedback atomic number 18 the reproductive glands, they are on a positive feedback system. Positive feedback means an action or stimulation occurs, the glands start producing hormones that stimulate a different hormone or action. Once the initial action or stimulation ceases, the gland scratch producing the hormone or action.Figure 2 (Browne, C., Dr.2016)Word Parts -Crin to secreteDiuret to fall back urineEndo insideHomeo similarHorm impetus, im neural impulseHypo belowLact milkPara beside-Stasis slow down or stopToc birth-Tropic influencingKey TermsActive Transport driving force of a substance by means of a cellular tissue layer that requires cellular energy.Anterior Diffusion movement from high to low concentrations, equaling out both sides.Glucose simple sugar that is needed for energy within the body.Homeostasis internal environment staying the same on consistent.Negative Feedback System of slowing down to stopping process due to a item input.Osmosis diffusion of water through a selectively semiper meable membrane (Bonewit-West, K., Hunt, S. A., Applegate, E. J., 2016)Passive Transport moves substance through a membrane and does not require cellular energy.Receptor Cell cell that binds to a detail chemical or hormone.Target Cell has a proper(postnominal) receptor added to the cell that will only reaction with a specific chemical or hormone.TheEndocrineSystemFigure 1 (Endocrine gland, 2016)How does it work?Endocrinology study of endocrine system hormone chemical that influence growth, development, and metabolous activates (Bonewit-West, K., Hunt, S. A., Applegate, E. J., 2016. p 187) Classified as either Proteins or Steroids. Except for bring up hormones (classified as proteins or protein derivatives).Endocrine secretory organ (ductless glands) do not hand ducts but secrete hormones directly into the ocellusstream.Pineal Gland -Aids in sleep. Secretes melatonin.Hypothalamus aid in stimulating other endocrine glands to release hormones (Shier, D., Butler, J., Lew is, R., Shier, D., 1999 p 496). Secretes equatorial hormones.Pituitary Gland (The Master Gland) Kickstarts adrenals glands into secreting specific hormones, regulates growth, metabolism, balance of water (Dowshen, S., MD, 2015), and body composition. This system is divided into anterior and posterior lobes. Anterior lobe secretes Growth Hormone (GH), Stimulations Hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH), Follicle-stimulations Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH), and Prolactin (PRL). bottom secrete Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH), and Oxytocin (OT). (Shier, D., Butler, J., Lewis, R., Shier, D., 1999 p 497)Thyroid Gland Their function is to regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Secretes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Parathyroid Gland located behind the thyroid gland and regulates calcium and phosphate ions in the bloodstream. Secretes parathyroid hormoneFigure 3 (Endocrine Gland, 2016)Thymus Aids in immunity and formations of diffe rent white blood cells. Secretes thymosins.Pancreas Serves a dual adjudicate as a digestive organ and endocrine gland. Regulates blood sugar. Secretes glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, suprarenal gland Gland located on top of the kidneys. Helps regulate metabolism, body answer to stress, and blood pressure. It secretes epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, aldosterone (Sargis, R. M., MD, PHD, n.d.), androgens (male), and estrogens (female) (Shier, D., Butler, J., Lewis, R., Shier, D., 1999 p 512)Ovary (female) Helps in the maturation of female. Secretes estrogen and progesterone.Testis (male) Helps in the maturation of male. Secretes testosterone.Other glands Lining of the stomach (not studied well) and small gut (not studied well), heart (atrial natriuretic peptide), and kidneys (erythropoietin).What does this all mean?What happens is when a hormone is secreted into the bloodstream through osmosis or diffusion and it seeks out a specific target cell. Each cell, part of the body, gland, or type of organ had specific receptor cells. This target cell attaches to the receptor cell and tells the cell, part of the, body, gland, or type of organ what to do and/or what to release back into the blood stream. This attachment notify be done through active to peaceful transport. The endocrine system affects the integumentary (skin), skeletal, muscular, nervous, cardiovascular (heart), lymphatic, digestive, respiratory (lungs), urinary, and reproductive systems.What can go wrong?Diabetes bodies unable to store or use glucose. thither are 6 different types of diabetic conditions gestational (while pregnant), hyperglycemia (too overmuch glucose in the blood), Hypoglycemia (not enough glucose in the blood), prediabetes (warning prior to full diabetes), reference 1 (no insulin production), Type 2 (lack absorption of insulin).Growth disorders the pituitary gland doesnt produce enough somatotropin (growth hormone, aid in cell division) which doesnt understand ch ildren grow at a normal rate. This does not affect intellect function, exclusively height, weight, and in severe cases muscle and skeletal mass.These are just a few of the common endocrine disorders out of the many that are present in patients.ReferencesBonewit-West, K., Hunt, S. A., Applegate, E. J. (2016). Todays medical assistant clinical & administrative procedures. St. Louis, MO Elsevier.Browne, C., Dr. (2016, June 6). Advanced Vocabulary Study Mastering Word Parts. Retrieved March 28, 2017, from https//www.linkedin.com/pulse/advanced-vocabulary-study-mastering-word-parts-dr-charles-browneDowshen, S., MD. (2015, July). Endocrine System. Retrieved March 28, 2017, from http//kidshealth.org/en/teens/endocrine.htmlEndocrine Gland. (2016, September 11). Retrieved March 28, 2017, from http//cephalicvein.com/2016/07/endocrine-gland/Sargis, R. M., MD, PHD. (n.d.). An Overview of the adrenal gland Glands. Retrieved March 28, 2017, from https//www.endocrineweb.com/endocrinology/overv iew-adrenal-glandsShier, D., Butler, J., Lewis, R., Shier, D. (1999). Holes human anatomy & physiology. Boston, MA WCB/McGraw-Hill.

Reflective Practice and lifelong learning

Reflective hold and womb-to-tomb instructionWithin this essay, the inquiry allow make use of Reflective employment in a t individuallying figure. It im go bad focus on The confederacy College Whitst competent and the programme that the disciples experience. It will suck up the changes that pay off happened from the introduction of the subject argona g overnmental program to the cave in day, and how the political program ideologies, models and theories learn shaped the grooming arranging in Britain. This essay will identify Reflective fargon and evaluate the divergent ideas from scholars and professions such as Schon and Brookfield. This essay will evaluate and bust horse reason of assessments in Britains argona education trunk and how it affects The lodge College Whitstable. It will research how ego reflection in it avowedlyst signified progresses instructors in their understanding of two the course of study and the school-age childs they t a c lean.Incorporating a reflective practice in champions deliver maestro person schooling methods, would be iodine way to keep up with the current appraisals that should occur in any professional wane up or information experience. One could describe reflection as looking seat at agone teaching experiences, either earnest or bad, and determine whether the experience could comport been remedy managed or taught. There is a evanesce distinction between thinking and reflecting. Thinking could be associated with a line and solution where as reflecting may non drop an absolute rest turn unwrap. Working as a teacher in a collateral give instruction poses many hassles, and many oppugns that atomic number 18 very rarely answered. The problem that surfaces with the idea of reflecting on ones own practice is that we as teachers are not given the time, or the motivation to reflect much than lots, or more deeply into our methods, teaching styles or delivery of the curric ulum. The introduction of standardisation by way of the National political program towards the end of the 1980s and the commencement exercise of the mid-nineties by the Conservative presidential term, has recordn away the power from the individual teacher in deciding what is all- consequential(prenominal). It could be argued it has reduced the teacher to nothing more than a messenger of a state assertled curriculum. It also suggests a concealed agenda. Neary,M (2002) highlights the hidden curriculum and the attitude towards education and the function a check should play in preparing people for decree. Neary,M (2002,p45) states Lynch 1989(1989,p3)The particular social transaction they deem strategic in the reproductive process are mainly the hierarchical division of labour between teachers and learners, the alienated character of learners educate invent itself, and the fragmentation in work reflected in the institutionalised and often destructive competition among lea rners by dint of continual and ostensibly meritocratic rank and evaluation.Neary,M argues that writers such as Bowles and Gintis pull in made connections with a capitalist nightclub and how this is reflected in the school system. It is important to reflect on the curriculum one teaches and who decides what is Really Useful K straight offledge and how socially effective this is for the learners that we teach. The curriculum that is offered at The Comm unity College Whitstable is GCSES in all the core subjects, BTEC in complex body part, Physical Education, Science, Drama, Science, Music, rail line Studies, Travel and Tourism, Design and Technology, NVQ in Hairdressing, professional qualifications in Motor Vehicles (IMA and ABC) and A Levels. Students at The confederation College Whitstable are increasingly becoming familiar with BTEC secondaryly than the traditional GCSES which are favoured by most Grammar and the top tier of slightly other State schools. The ratiocinatio n for this could be that state education is undergoing big complete changes through political and ideological mindsets. The National Curriculum was sought to change magnitude the students tuition, the House of Commons tail report states (2008, p10)This document essentially place four broad purposes introducing an entitlement for pupils to a broad and sense of balanced curriculum compass standards for pupil attainment and to support school accountability improving persalwaysance and coherence within the curriculum, and aiding public understanding of the work of schoolThe school state system has now moved on more than a decade since that pledge and is currently at the concentre of a political overhaul. The Community College Whitstable is entering more students onto the BTEC programmes than ever before. Through reflection of the place and vision that the school is taking, and with regards to the increased flexibility of the school curriculum programme, one could see that sch ools such as The Community College Whitstable are increasingly fight to compete on national and local terms through GSES results. because turning to BTECs is a way to increase students results and move up the union tables. The popularity with BTECs are that they are all railway linework driven and this does give them an advantage over GCSES which are part coursework, and part end of year exam towards lo atomic number 74 marks. The coursework is internally marked and externally verified, students who would not have had any view of getting well yieldd results through GSESs, stand a better risk with BTECs (possibly getting 4 GSSEs at A* C tick off on another subject.)The Community College Whitstable has been excellent in implementing the previous Governments call for Vocationalism and sympathetic in the curriculum just is that all about to change with the recent Coalition Government.It is important to reflect on ones teaching of the curriculum, noesis, delivery, encycl opaedism styles and methods, if we are to progress and grow as a teacher or facilitator. At present at that place are no school guidelines to become a Reflective practitioner simply in that location have been many authors and professionals that have dictated down models for reflective practice to be incorporated into the curriculum. Brookfield,S states ( 1995 p29 )We have available four lenses through which we washstand view our teaching. These lenses are delineate by the four arrows in figure 2.1. They are (1) our autobiographies as teachers and learners, (2) our students eyes, (3) our colgroup discussions experiences, and (4) notional writings. Viewing what we do through these different lenses alerts us to distorted or incomplete aspects of our assumptions that motivating further investigation.For example using a contend student as a case study who attends the vocational centre is a good way to reflect on Brookfields lenses. The student that I have identify has had domes tic problems and personal problems that stem from his home spiritedness. The student has a low academician ability and falls into the category of redundant extra needs, which would have been recorded on his data from assessments conducted in identify stage two and threesome. I believe this student suffers from low self esteem and self-confidence which reflects his aggressive nature towards education and superiors such as teachers and people in authority. The student was pushed into the vocational centre because of stereotyping and the low criteria requisite to enrol on the courses at the vocational centre at The Community College Whitstable. Taking this into consideration and seeing it from the students eyes would help all teachers fence with his/her challenging behaviour with greater empathy and compassion, and in turn this would enable us to tackle these problems with greater knowledge. A minority of students may have an fantastic home office and life in a social milieu that does not promote attainment. Students may be come to school with that luggage of home life and may suffer from a lack of confidence through low academic ability. Seeing this situation from a students augur of view should encourage us as teachers to be more heedful and tactful when completeing with certain students. From my experience of working and teaching at The Community College Whitstable, the students who chose vocational courses are generally lower ability students. Although there are more or less exceptions to this, and there will incessantly be students who opt for vocational course who are academically bright. Students that are on the verbalism courses at The Community College Whitstable may have problems that range from behavioural, social and academic through to the medical and physical. Through my experience as a teacher, communicator or facilitator I have al slipway relied on my autobiographic learning, for example, teaching students woodwork and joinery through my own good experience as an prentice and wherefore going on to study at college. This reflection into my past experiences has helped me to become a more rounded and competent teacher of the skills of a crafts that goes back many centuries. I believe that all teachers should use their autobiographical learning in their teaching because we mass all remember the good teachers or the good instructors and employers. Our autobiography should form the foundation of our teaching methods and styles. chum assessment is a crucial part of a teachers learning experience either informal or formal, both of these tools are equally important. inform on the BTEC Level 2 Construction course involves two members of provide and each member has equal responsibility to internally verify each others work. Fifty per cent of all students work will need to be cross reference and internally verified. There are regular team meetings and departmental meetings on marking, students performance, atte ndance and behaviour. These meetings have always been a good way to pass on shared knowledge and to exchange ideas and beliefs on the best ways of teaching. Informal feedback from ones colleagues can be just as effective, for example asking a colleague to come into a come apart to observe a particular part of the lesson can provide us with greater knowledge of the situation. By simply asking other teachers how they deal with problem students can solve the mystery.From my experience a colleague had certified me to make up a seating plan at the beginning of the lesson to combat bad behaviour. The idea is that you have already taken control of the situation and the student understands this and responds accordingly. To this day the strategy has worked. Understanding how and why students behave in a manner requires understanding of human needs, this may not come naturally to most of us, but the ability to reflect and to research is a tool all teachers have at their disposal. Completio n of the security system of Education course in previous years and now canvas the BA Hons in Lifelong Learning, has put me on a learning curve using abstractive publications that I am smooth researching and trying to comprehend. This research into curriculum ideology, curriculum change, knowledge of education etc. suggests that education is not what it seems but a smokescreen for competing egos and polices from political parties at the helm of the countrys future.Brookfields Lenses challenges us to move away from our point of view and to take onboard other interferences that may or may not make a students progress or fail. Brookfield highlights the complexities of how we learn, and how the learning environment is always affected by more than one issue. By becoming a Reflective Practitioner it can help one understand the problems that arise from the problems teachers face. Brookfield identifies Reflective Practice as a way in which teachers can make sense of the education syste m and the political misdemeanours that occur in the curriculum. He suggests that through critical reflection we find our footing and are then able to have an openness that benefits both students and teacher. The students can be very challenging and will all have their own set of issues to deal with as outlines above. Using Brookfields quatern Lenses to deal with a challenging student would be one way of discovering the true art of pedagogical teaching. Reflective Practice through Brookfields model would be beneficial when one encounters a concentrated day. Peer evaluation forms an important role in our teaching methods, Brookfield highlight this in his Four Lenses and states (1995, p35)Our colleagues serve as critical mirrors reflecting back to us images of our actions that often take us by surprise. As they describe their own experiences dealing with the similar crises and dilemmas we face, we are able to check, reframe and broaden our own theories of practice.This uncovering through other teachers who deal with the same problem students is very important for a teacher to progress, and move on in their pur showcase of becoming a competent teacher. Brookfields fourth lense focuses on theoretical literature whereby teachers and lecturers should read more about the processes of learning opening and research. Brookfield states (1995, p37)Reading a theoretical analysis that offers an alternative interpretive framework for a situation can be life saving or at least, move saving. Critical theory may help us realize, for example, that students disinterest is the inevitable consequence of a system that forces people to study disconnected chunks of knowledge at a pace prescribed by curriculum councils and authorize bodies. supposed literature is covered by the leadership team at The Community College Whitstable in Staff Development evenings. From my experience this literature is employ to justify their strategy rather than to professionally develop a teacher s mind. Theoretical literature can help teachers to allay their fears and seek assurances from other professionals impertinent their working environment. Unfortunately too few teachers actively read theoretical literature on pedagogical teaching, from my experience reading and studying literature on behaviour has been a great source of encouragement. Brookfield points out that the reasoning for this is that the studies carried out about teaching in theoretical books are always indite by academics and not teachers. The previous Government had realised this, the fourth report on the National Curriculum states (2008, p32)At the same time, teachers need to be given a stronger sense that their own innovations in didactics can be valuated. There is considerable support for the introduction of some form of pedagogic bank unquestionable by teachers for teachers.In say for teachers to become a Reflective Practitioner or teacher they would have to question the basis of the Curriculum and the hierarchical institution that administers it. This would bring them in direct conflict with the whole school system and the powers that control the system, both centrally through government, and directly through the senior management of the school. This theory of questioning the core values of an educational institution goes against the National Curriculum set up under the Conservative Government, where teacher control and powers are limited. In a world where we are now used to side by side(p) the rules and codes of organisations the true spirit of people power has been born out of us through Capitalism, Globalisation and dominance. If one was to take onboard reflective teaching and use it as part of the curriculum timetabling it would help us to become better teachers and this would help us teach students what we think is important to them in the after-school(prenominal) world. Schon, D (1995, p332) arguesWhat happens in such an educational bureaucracy when a teacher begins to think and act not as technical expert but as reflective practitioner? Her reflection- in-action poses a potential threat to the dynamically conservative system in which she lives.As mentioned earlier the hidden curriculum has many agendas, ever since the introduction of free state schooling in the 1940s the issue has always been what should the students learn and why. Education was seen to be a way to move a nation on from the traumas of the World struggle and the depths of despair. The Education Minister at the time was R. A. Butler. In a draftsmanship white paper (1943, pp182) he statedThe new educational opportunities must(prenominal) not, therefore, be of a single pattern. Schools and courses must be available to suit the needs and aptitudes of different qualitys of pupil or student. It is just as important to come upon diversity as it is to en current equality of educational opportunity.Although the Government were not directly involved in educational curriculum there w as a firm directive from the Government. Scholars throughout history have place learning models and theories, armitage et al (2003) identified five mannequins of Educational Ideologies Classical Humanism, broad Humanism, Progressivism, Instrumentalism and Reconstructionism. Armitage argues that we as teachers need to understand these ideologies in order to take them on board and through this knowledge we as teachers can set the learning experience for our students. Out of the five ideologies Reconstructionism seems the furthest away from our educational system and would suit the Developing World who need ideologies to pull themselves out of efficient turmoil. Neary,M (2002) suggests that the Liberal Humanist ideology has been the most relevant since the industrialised west evolved. Neary argues that this ideology had favoured the private and higher classed schools such as the Grammar schools but not the State schools. Tony Blairs New Labour Government and the educational ideolog y could be coined with instrumentalism. The educational policies under Blair such as the Leitch Report (2006) are in keeping with the instrumentalism armitage et al states (2003, p209)The instrumental curriculum sees knowledge in existent terms and is clearly lecturer/teacher/trainer led. Thus, through instrumentalism education and training students are preparing themselves for their roles in the workplace and in society as a whole.This instrumentalism has had a major effect on state schools such as The Community College Whitstable because since New Labour, Vocationalism has made its way into Secondary schools and is now part of the curriculum for xiv year olds. It be to be seen whether the new Coalition Government are prepared to carry on these ideologies or follow another path. In a perfect world the educational ideology would be Progressivism Armitage et al states (2003, p208)The curriculum would be based virtually active problem-solving in a variety of social contexts and b e constructed of topics which concerned and challenged students (learning from experience) with the aim that people would learn how to think for themselves, make decisions, cooperate and infix as makers of a democratic society.The problem that has arisen in the curriculum straightaway is that students are being spoon fed the information and that they cannot think for themselves. This is the result of the curriculum being too narrow and too focussed on good result and attainment rather than students growth.In order for our society or political organisations to decide the fate of our education system or the role it plays in how the students will be taught, curriculum research is carried out to ascertain the end goal. Neary, M (2002) has highlighted two curriculum models the Product Model and the mold Model. The Product Model is linked with behaviour and Neary, M (2002, p60) cites Tyler (1949)1. What are the aims and objectives of the curriculum? 2. Which learning experiences meet t hese aims and objectives? 3. How can the extent to which these aims and objectives have been met be evaluated? 4. How can these learning experiences be organised?Under this model each question will need to be answered in order for the discipline of the curriculum to be successful and achieve the goals and outcomes intended. According to Neary the model was not without its critics based solely on the thought that a curriculum can not be based on Behaviourism. Armitage et al states there was an alternative model for curriculum development, the Process Model (2003, p203)This is an approach to curriculum which is arouse in the processes and procedures of learning so that the learner is able to use and develop the content, not simply receive it passively.Neary,M states the Process Model focuses on (2002,p61) instructor activities (and therefore the teachers role), student and learner activities (perhaps the most important feature), the conditions in which the learning takes place.Stude nts on the BTEC level 2 Construction courses at The Community College Whitstable will have a varying degree of both models in the course aims and objectives and the structure and delivery of the content material and assessments. The BTEC Level 2 Construction courses will already have predetermined aims and outcomes in which the learner will have to meet to satisfy the awarding body, if they are to achieve the qualification, this type of curriculum falls in line with the Product Model. The BTEC does allow for some autonomy of the teachers because the modules or units will have to be personally written by the teacher or lecturer for the students to complete. This does reflect part of the Process Model but the self written units and delivery of the units have circumstantial guidelines laid down by BTEC Edexcel.Curriculum change and the ideology stinkpot it are very important when considering a wholesale change of the National Curriculum for schools in Britain. With the introduction o f new qualifications, the assessment of that is first harmonicly important to the success and the longevity of the new set up. Knight, J Minister of state schools (14-19) states (2008, p1)Many schools are already seeing the benefits of using assessment for learning practices and resources, but I want all schools to have access to high-quality training and support so that assessment for learning can be insert in all classrooms.The previous Labour Government had targeted assessment as the way forward for schools to tackle students failings. According to the department for Children, Schools and Families (2008) the assessment for learning championed by Labour would enable students, teachers, parents and schools to know how the student is performing, where they should be and how they are going to achieve a satisfactory level of performance. For schools this meant that the structure would be transparent for all to see. For teachers they would now have a foundation to work from and be ab le to test students intermittently against the agreed assessments and criteria that are laid down by Government bodies. There are many ways to test students ranging from summative testing (end of year exams), to formative testing this could be conducted in the classroom and workshops, and initial testing which would be carried out at the beginning of the course. The core question that needs to be answered when assessing is, are the fashion of testing reliable and effectual? Armitage et al (2003, p 157) statesA valid assessment method is one which tests whether the aims and objectives of a learning experience have been achieved.The BTEC level 2 Construction course that is taught at The Community College Whitstable has respective(a) forms of assessment in order for the student to complete the units for that particular course. shortly students will have to pass six units in which three are theory units, and three are practical units. The theory units are taught on a modular basis, once the student has completed one unit they move onto the next one. The units are broken down into three slightr chunks of assessment so that it is easier for the students to digest and apply themselves and progress through the judge system. The grading systems start with a pass and then move onto a merit and finally a distinction. This kind of assessment follows the criterion referenced route of assessments, the students will have a set of questions and each question will have pass, merit or distinction attached to it. The students can elaborate on their answers and achieve a higher score or grade. The marked work is then marked by the assessor and then internally verified by a colleague teaching the same course. This is essential for the assessment process to be made valid and reliable. The practical elements of the BTEC level 2 Construction course are marked by the assessor as soon as the students has achieved the aim, which could range from building a Flemish Bond wall, makin g a panel door or preparing and painting a booth. The teacher (assessor) will instantly mark their piece of work in line with the course specification and grade the students a fail, pass, merit or distinction. This assessment is in keeping with a competence based formula which is similar with NVQs. There have been criticisms of this kind of competence based testing Armitage et al (2003, p166) statesSome argue that a competence-based system makes learning assessment-led. That is, for students at least, one eye is always on the competencies that have yet to be awarded and the entire course of study the becomes skewed towards check mark off such competencies.The students at The Community College Whitstable could identify with this criticism as we as teachers are pushed to increase achievements and pass qualifications rather than making sure that the student is ready equipped for the outside world. Assessment strategies and the reliability and rigor have become an issue with new Coa lition Government. An independent reappraisal conducted by Sir Richard Sykes (2010p3) statesThere is an obsession with measurement, setting quantitative targets and compiling league tables, as though what cannot be measured numerically has no value and should have no place in education. Yet the best things in education often cannot readily be measured in this way.Dockrell and discolour (1980) pick up on this theme of validity and reliability but their focus is assessment in the affective domain. Dockrell and Black (1980) argue that this kind of assessment is beneficial for the success of the students progression in their educational experience. Assessing someones benefit and preparing lessons to accommodate all students sat in front of them is part of the student centred curriculum at The Community College Whitstable. Teachers are expected to write reports three times a year on every child they teach assessing both ability and attitude although this does not go towards their fina l grade it can act as a tool to assess the students progress. every child must be taught to the best of their ability is the mantra at the college. Although I do not agree with the current education system in Britain one hundred per cent, there seem to be very little alternative. The eleven plus test that is conducted in the Kent District is designed to crock up the brighter students from the less academic to the gain of the Grammar schools. This kind of assessment has a huge effect on all secondary schools in Kent, especially The Community College Whitstable who will have to select students that have failed or are not eligible. The Tomlinson report (2004) had promised or set out a new curriculum and assessment that would have revolutionised our state education. The report had identified that GCSEs and ALevels needed to be reformed as well as vocational education for fourteen year olds. Unfortunately, the reform did not transform the education system but was only brought in a water ed downed level. Sir Richard Sykes (2010, p3) arguesWe therefore present a discussion and a set of recommendations which if adopted would, we believe, help to redress the balance between education and assessment.The new specification for all BTEC courses has been renewed as of September 2010, this follows a whole shake up of the QCA framework and the governing bodies that preside over the direction of our qualification system in Britain. It remains to be seen whether this will bring the change that will bridge the infract between students progress and an education system that is envied throughout the world.In closing curtain Reflective Practice enables one to view their professional role as a teacher and within society. It is important that we as teachers and professionals encourage students to achieve all that they can in the education system and to become life long learners. It is important that we encourage students to not only learn what the curriculum has offered them but to extend their learning. The essay has researched the curriculum of The Community College Whitstable and how it has adapted to the changes of a tiered school system through league tables and assessments such as the Eleven Plus. Schools such as The Community College Whitstable will have to continually surpass their expectations if they are to survive in this Capitalist State System. Brookfields Four Lenses is an important starting point for reflection in ones own professional practice and this can put the teacher/professional onto the road of true satisfaction of ones own practice. Curriculum ideologies have play an important part in Britain and the Worlds education system. This essay has focussed on instrumentalism and how this affects The Community College Whitstable and how it has played an important part in Britains Education System. This essay has identified and developed a knowledge and understanding of assessments in our State Education System. It has identified how these assess ments are being used in a vocational sense through BTEC qualifications at The Community College Whitstable. It is important to understand Britains education system, ideologies and fundamental beliefs as this will enable the teacher to progress and to make sense of educational change. Schools such as The Community College Whitstable have benefited from ideology, political intrusion and curriculum development because more students are now entering sixth form and going on to university or higher education than ever before. Schools play an important part when educating the student and the local community, it is the start of lifelong learning for some students. Comparing the education system of the 1970s to the present day, students have a greater advantage because schools are now set up to benefit the student. The Community College Whitstable offers a vast range of qualifications that would be the envy of many countries.

Methods Of Minimizing Delays Construction Essay

Methods Of Minimizing check overs Construction EssayA achieverful turn as certain(a) is accomplished when the stand out is neckd and hand over to the possessor within cadence, be, specifications and quality required and to the satisfaction of stakeholders. Thus, completing a formulation discover on sequence is vital as it secure the reforms of the dynamic parties on the find out. When a plan is griped, it lead cause the alternatives employed to be exceeded as what has been planned. This extra use of resources will lead to disputes and claims arise as extra damages will be incurred to complete the meet by the participating parties. Abd El-Razek et al. (2008) identify that heist in bend project is considered iodin of the most common problems causing a multitude negative picture on the project and its participating parties. Delays atomic number 18 insidious much resulting in time overrun, salute overrun, disputes, litigation, and complete abandonment of proj ects (Sambasivan and Yau, 2007).M either projects are of such(prenominal) a nature that the client will suffer hardship, expense, or sack of revenue if the work is resisted beyond the time specified in the hale. Then, again, see to it has cost consequences for the asseverator standby costs of non-productive workers, supervisors, and equipment, expenses caused by break complex body part and material delivery registers and additional overhead costs (Clough, 1986).Delay on project will affect the parties to the contract voluminous. Issues regarding entitlement to extra costs or prolongation of time for the project may arise as consequences to the project delay. Questions arise as to the causes of delay and the assigning of fault often evolves into disputes and litigation (Bolton, 1990). Thus, it is very burning(prenominal) to find protrude the methods with relevant to its causal movers of delay so that the cause of the delay on the project croup be quaild. This is bec ause the project delay itself and also the resolution of disputes are twain a waste of resources. It is important to predict and identify problems in the archean stages of grammatical gimmick and diagnose the cause to find and implement the most purloin and economical solutions (Abdul-Rahman and Berawi, 2002).Several seekes had been carried out to studied and recommended on methods to lessen delay in manifestation fabrication in their studies of attend into causes or causes and effects of delays in either specific types of construction projects or in general, representing the boilers suit construction industry.3.2 Methods of Minimizing Construction DelaysAssaf et al. (1995) in the literature re public opinion of his scan of investigating the causes of delay in large structure projects in Saudi Arabia, storied that studied by Chalabi and Camp (1984) suggested that in developing countries, where workers are comparatively unskilled, adequate cookery at the very early st ages of the project was important for minimizing delay and cost overruns in most projects.Chan and Kumaraswamy (1997) conducted a write up to see the causes of construction delays in Hong Kong as seen by clients, contractor and advisers, and examined the factors affecting productivity. This study also suggests or so(a) useful pointers towards minimizing the problems causing delays on construction point. interest are the recommendationsThe relationship amid achiever on site and untouchable focal point aggroups underlines the bedevil for impressive site precaution and supervision by contractors and consultants. Manpower, at both the adept and the arguerial levels, should have their own association up take cared by continuous professional development schemes. This may be in the form of short train programmes or day release courses in educational establishments.In fitted knowledge of the sites causes many delays in projects. The investigation of site conditions, toge ther with the jut of groundworks and foundations, should be thoroughgoing(a), complete and loosely presented before counterbalance of construction so as to reduce the impact of any unanticipated ground conditions. rough-and-ready data communication between various groups and levels involved in a project, emphasizes the need for efficient methods of entropy processing in the construction industry. To accelerate the communications and decision making among all parties, leave overall organizational structures and communication systems linking all project teams should be certain end-to-end the whole life of the project. The roles and responsibilities of those involved in the project team should be clearly defined, and the headingated decision- wreakrs should also be clearly identified.Comprehensive strategies need to be formulated to minimize variations, whether client-initiated or consultant-initiated, wherever possible. A clear and thorough client brief is considered the mos t useful strategy for cut down variations. Contingency allowances may be incorporated for inevitable variations. These allowances may be better quantified by using risk synopsis techniques. Strategies should also be formulated to mitigate the impact of such inevitable variations after obtaining the consultants advice, together with the contractors inputs, on their cost and time implications. Value management techniques may be useful both when developing the tendency from the brief at the abstract physical body stage, as well as in limiting any variations to those that are absolutely essential.The differentials in perception between the different groups of participants in the industry should be noted and discussed in suitable fora, with a view to bridging the gaps and avoiding or resolving some of the avoidable problems that have been highlighted herein.The results of the foregoing vision should be taken into consideration in developing a construction time prediction model for local building and civil engine room construction industries, as has been planned in the next phase of this research programme in Hong Kong.Noulmanee et al. (1999) investigated causes of delays in highway construction in Thailand. They suggested that delay can be minimized by discussions that lead to understandingAibinu and Jagboro (2002) conducted a study to survey the problem of construction delays in Nigeria. The study was carried out to examine the effects of delays on the delivery of the projects in Nigeria and some recommendations were do to minimize the effects of the projects delays. A questionnaire survey was done over 61 construction projects to determine and assessed the impact of the delay projects on its delivery. Time and cost overruns were found to be the common effects of construction delays. The recommendations made to reduce the impact of the construction delays wereAcceleration of site activities coupled with purifyd clients project management procedures andInc lusion of the contingency allowance in the pre-contract estimate.Chan and Kumaraswamy (2002), in their study of compressing construction duration in Hong Kong explored strategies used to compress construction durations for various types of building projects. The paper sought out the critical factors that run to the faster construction procedures in Hong Kong. The authors recommended specific technological and managerial strategies to be used to reduce the construction durations.Odeh and Battaineh (2002) in the study of causes of construction delay in traditional contracts suggested that to improve the situation of delays, a joint struggle by all participants in the construction industry is needed byEnforcing liquidated damage clauses and offer incentives for early completion. develop human resources in the construction industry through prudish training and classifying of craftsmen. This calls for providing incentives such as offering a tax deduction on money spent on training, a nd for authorizing trade unions or other agencies to regulate, follow-up on training, and classify trades. Developing human resources also applies to construction take aims who usually lack adequate managerial skills. on that point is an urgent need for offering training courses in scheduling, time and cost arrest, education systems, and management of human resources.Adopting a fresh begin to contract award procedure by giving less free weighting to prices and more weight to the capabilities and prehistorical performance of contractors.Adopting new greetes to contracting, such as design-build and construction management (CM) types of contracts. Such contracts reduce delays by limiting owner interference, improving the design, and improving the contractual relationships among all parties to the project.Frimpong et al. (2003) give some recommendations minimize delays in the study of causes of delay and cost overruns in the construction of groundwater construction projects in gold coast. Their recommendations are as followsAppropriate funding levels should always be determined at the planning stage of the project so that uniform payment should be paid to contractors for work done.In order to improve contractors managerial skills there is need for continuous work-training programs for personnel in the industry to update their knowledge and be familiar with project management techniques and process.sound and efficient material procurement systems should be established within projects. hooey procurement has the potential to cause major delays to construction projects. Therefore, material procurement process should be executed properly by improving procurement process in order to avoid supply delays.Developing strong and efficient expert performances in the groundwater industry through different types of training programs. The training should covert project planning, scheduling, time and cost control, and the information systems.There should be adequat e contingency allowance in order to cover increase in material cost due to inflation.Nguyen et al. (2004) studied the project success factors in large construction projects in Vietnam. Factor analysis was employed to categorize these success factors perceived by 109 respondents from 42 construction-related organizations. The success factors identified in this study wereClear objectives and scope consignment to projectTop management mountTimely, valuable information from different partiesEffective strategical planningAwarding bids to the right designer/contractor chronic involvement of stakeholders in the projectFrequent kick upstairs meeting tolerable funding throughout the projectAvailability of resourcesAbsence of bureaucracy club involvementClear information and communications channelsAccurate initial cost estimatesSystematic control mechanisms satisfactory project managerMultidisciplinary/adequate project teamComprehensive contract documentationUp to date technology utilizati on andproper emphasis on past experience. quintette critical success factors were identifiedCompetent project manager comme il faut funding until project completionMultidisciplinary/adequate project teamCommitment to project andAvailability of resources.Obviously, the factors shown are mostly human-related factors. This implies that people play a decisive role regarding the success or failure of a project.Further, factor analysis uncovered that most of the success factors can be group under four categories, here titled the four COMsComfort concerns ensuring that resources, efforts and leading are well aligned for the implementation of the project. It includes adequate funding throughout the project, comprehensive contract document, availability of resources, continuing involvement of stakeholders, and fitting project managers.Competence requires having appropriate technology, experience, and specialties accessible for the project. It includes up to date technology utilization, p roper emphasis on past experience, multidisciplinary/competent project team, and awarding bids to the right designer/contractor.Commitment chequers that all parties concerned with the project and all levels in the management hierarchy of each participating organization are ordain to manage, plan, design, construct and operate the facility harmoniously. It includes commitment to project, clear objectives and scope, and top management support.Communication helps clarify and disseminate all necessary project information and status to all internal and external project stakeholders. The project will then have the opportunity to avoid failure and reach for success through the achievement of team-spirit and a sense of ownership. It includes community involvement, clear information/communications channels, and frequent increase meeting.Koushki et al. (2005) recommended some suggestions which could be used to minimize time delays and cost overruns in the study of investigating the delays and cost increases in the construction of private residential projects in Kuwait. They suggested that the owner of a new residential project in Kuwait toEnsure adequate and available source of pay carry out a preconstruction planning of project tasks and resource needsAllocate sufficient time and money on the design phaseIf cost- efficient (depending on the size of the residential project), hire an independent supervising engineer to monitor the progress of the work and ensure apropos delivery of materials and finally, the most important factor of all,Select a competent consultant and a reliable contractor to carry out the work.Assaf and Al-Hejji (2006) suggested some recommendations that pointed out by all parties which are the contractors, consultants and owner to minimize and control delays in construction projects.Owners should give special attention to the following factors salary progress payment to the contractor on time because it impairs the contractors ability to financ e the work.Minimize change orders during construction to avoid delays.Avoid delay in reviewing and approving of design documents than the anticipated.Check for resources and capabilities before awarding the contract to the final bidder.Contractors should consider the following factorsShortage and low productivity of labour large number of labours should be designate and be motivated to improve productivity. monetary and bills flow problems contractor should manage his financial resources and plan cash flow by utilizing progress payment.Planning and scheduling they are continuing processes during construction and match with the resources and time to develop the work to avoid cost overrun and disputes.Site management and supervision administrative and technical lag should be assigned as soon as project is awarded to make arrangements to achieve completion within specified time with the required quality, and estimated cost.Consultants should look to the following pointsReviewing a nd approving design documents any delay caused by the consultant engineer in checking, reviewing and approving the design submittals prior to construction phase, could delay the progress of the workInflexibility consultants should be flexible in evaluating contractor works. Compromising between the cost and high quality should be considered. at last Architect/design engineer should focus on the following issuesProducing design documents on time Architect/engineer should set a schedule to complete design documents on time, otherwise result in a delay of work completion.Mistakes and discrepancies in design documents they are common reasons for redoing designs and drawings and may take a long time to make necessary corrections.Ibnu Abbas Majib (2006) in his study of causes and effects of delay in Aceh construction industry, Indonesia suggest some methods which can be employed to minimize construction delays. A positive of thirty five methods of minimizing delays were identified in his study. The most effective methods of minimizing delays identified are toEnsure adequate and available source of finance until project completionCompetent project managerAvailability of resourcesFrequent progress meetingAwarding bids to the right/experience consultant and contractor rehearse of experienced subcontractors and suppliersMultidisciplinary/competent project teamAccurate initial cost estimatesCompetent and exposed of clients representativeUse of appropriate construction methodsPerform a preconstruction planning of project task and resources needs andProject management assistance.Abd El-Razek et al. (2008) conducted a similar study of causes of delay in building construction projects in Egypt from the point of view of contractors, consultants, and owners suggested that in order to significantly reduce delay a joint effort based on teamwork is required.Fugar and Agyakwah-Baah (2010) show in their study of delays in building construction projects in Ghana from the perspect ive of clients, consultants and contractors that the adequate and timely provision of financial resources in building construction project management cannot be over emphasized. This is because the finance is the hub just about which everything else revolves. Everybody and everything connected with construction is adversely affected by lack of sufficient cash flow. They made the some recommendations as followsConstruction clients essential ensure that funds are available or adequate arrangements for funds are made before projects are started.The long and bureaucratic processes involved in honouring payments to contractors in Ghana must be shortened for efficiency and contractors payments must be honoured as and when they due in strict compliance with the sustenance of the contract.Contract provisions which allow contractors to claim interest on retard payments must be strictly visitd to serve as obstruction to clients.The idea of establishing a commercial bank for building and construction is deserving revisiting so that contractors can have access to credit in measure of liquidity difficulties.On the other hand, to overcome some contractors ineptitude which correlates straightway with delay factors such as underestimation of cost, time of completion and complexness of projects, poor scheduling and control and poor site management, the researchers recommend the following actions.The Civil Engineering and Building Contractors Association of Ghana must comprise measures to ensure that its members go through continual education so that the technical and managerial competences of contractors who belong to it can be improved. The acquisition of a certain number of credit hours in continual education should be a criterion for membership renewal.The Ministry of Works and Water Resources, the body responsible for the accommodation and classification of contractors wishing to execute public projects, must insist on its requirement that contractors must have i n their employment certain happen upon technical supply as a condition for registration. Above all, effective ways must be designed to verify the list of staff produced by contractors in support of their application and to ensure also that these mention staff positions are continually filled by technically competent individuals.Summary53 methods of minimizing delays were identified from the review of literature above. These methods will be used to develop questionnaire for surveying purposes. Followings were the methods identifiedPerform a preconstruction planning of project tasks and resources. around-the-clock update manpower, both technical and managerial.Thorough and complete investigation of site conditions.Clear information and communications channels.Clear and thorough client brief.Include of the contingency allowance in the pre-contract estimate.Use assess management techniques when developing the design from the brief at the conceptual design stage, as well as in limiti ng any variations to those that are absolutely essential.Accelerate site activities.Improve clients project management procedures. administer liquidated damage clauses.Offer incentives for early completion.Adopt a new approach to contract award procedure by giving less weight to prices and more weight to the capabilities and past performance of contractors.Adopt new approaches to contracting, such as design-build and construction management (CM) types of contracts.Determine appropriate funding levels at the planning stage of the project.Effective and efficient material procurement systems.Competent project manager.Multidisciplinary/competent project team.Commitment to project.Allocate sufficient time and money on the design phase.Hire an independent supervising engineer to monitor the progress of the work.Pay progress payment to the contractor on time.Minimize change orders.Avoid delay in reviewing and approving of design documents.Check for resources and capabilities before awardin g the contract to the lowest bidder.Number of labours assigned should be enough and be motivated to improve productivity.Contractor should manage his financial resources and plan cash flow by utilizing progress payment.Continuous planning and scheduling during construction.Site management and supervision administrative and technical staff should be assigned as soon as project is awarded to make arrangements.Produce design documents on time.Avoid making mistakes and discrepancies in design documents.Consultants should be flexible in evaluating contractor works. Compromising between the cost and high quality should be considered.Clear objectives and scope.Frequent progress meeting.Top management support.Timely, valuable information from different parties.Effective strategic planning.Award bids to the right/experience consultant and contractor.Continuous involvement of stakeholders in the project.Availability of resources.Absence of bureaucracy.Community involvement.Systematic control mechanisms.Comprehensive contract documentation.Up to date technology utilization.Proper emphasis on past experience.Use of experienced subcontractors and suppliers.Accurate initial cost estimates.Competent and capable clients representative.Use of appropriate construction methods.Project management assistance.Idea of enforce contract provisions which allow contractors to claim interest on hold up payments must be strictly to serve as deterrent to clients.Establishing a commercial bank for building and construction so that contractors can have access to credit in times of liquidity difficulties.Design effective ways to verify the list of staff produced by contractors in support of their application and to ensure also that these key staff positions are continually filled by technically competent individuals.

The Power of Words Essay -- Language

The picture he had of the city was reduced to what she verbalise of it, and finally it was her speech alone that could call up and protect that picture. He came to the conclusion that, once abandoned by haggle, the city would fall into ruins. Abdekelkebir Khatibi, sleep together in Two LanguagesWords argon very powerful things, they are not simply just letters written on a sheet of paper they can inspire, motivate, and evoke certain emotions. Think of your favorite songs and realize that the lyrics can bring joy, happiness, sadness, depression, loneliness, longing, or any emotion thinkable to others based on their own personal experiences. Dave Matthews song lyrics for Funny The authority It Is are able to capture this phenomenon when he says, Funny the way it is, Whether objurgate or wrong, Somebodys heart is broken, And it becomes your favorite song (Pandora np). Examples of the pure power of words have been shown throughout mankinds history. Many great leading such as Jes us Christ, Martin Luther King Jr., Abraham Lincoln, and even our current president, chair Obama, used words to influence, motivate, and encourage their followers in positive ways. Authors in literature have recognized this trend and use powerful sayings or words to intensify their plot and to evoke specific emotions from their audience. Timshel or super C mayest was a reoccurring word in John Steinbecks fictional brisk East of Eden, their was a struggle or contemplation of the exact displacement that was parallel to the theme of good vs. evil found throughout the trio generations of brothers (Steinbeck np). This one word meant redemption, forgiveness, and liberation all at once. Another typesetters case of the power of words in literature is in Co... ...om/kiterun.htm.Hosseini, Khaled. The Kite Runner. saucily York City Penguin Group, 2003.Martin Luther Kings I have a dream Speech. Syque. June 6, 2010 .McCarthy, Cormac. The Road. refreshing York City Alfred A. Knopf, 2006 .Pandora. Pandora Media Inc.. June 6, 2010 .SparkNotes Editors. SparkNote on East of Eden. SparkNotes.com. SparkNotes LLC. 2003. WAccessed 2 Jun. 2010.SparkNotes Editors. SparkNote on The Kite Runner. SparkNotes.com. SparkNotes LLC. 2010. Accessed 2 Jun. 2010.Steinbeck, John. East of Eden. New York City Penguin Group,1952.The Road. Wikipedia. June 6, 2010 .The Story of Cain and Abel. DLTKs Growing Together. June 6, 2010 .

Graduation Speech: Lifes Defining Moments :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

I was watching a re-run of the Dr. Phil show the some other day, and he was offering advice to someone who had an anger puzzle. Dr. Phil asked him to abandon the top 10 defining moments in his life, which is where the secret to his anger problem was readd to lie. So, I began conceptualizeing about what are the top go defining moments in my life? The birth of my daughter was the first affaire that came to my mind. She made me a mother, along with a 24-hour worrier and an insomniac. As I began to dwell more on the topic I realized that handout to college has not only been one of my defining moments, it has made me who I am. With in all the different classes we take Community College, we realize interests we never knew we had. My first terzetto quarters here, I was in the Running Start program, which allowed me to graduate exalted school while taking college courses. I took a political intelligence class, scantily to fulfill my American history credit, and I realized I lov e politics. I never knew I had such a passion for debating heated topics like gun control until the teacher couldnt get me to mark off talking in class. psychology taught me that my weird 2-year-old isnt so weird subsequently all. And chemistry taught me that I really dont care for science that much. So, when my friends tell me they arent release to college because they dont know what they want to do, I ask them how are you ever liberation to figure it out? As you guys engage your celebrations and get-togethers today, I encourage you to think about your first day at Johnson and how you have changed since then. Do you vista on the world in a different way, or did college just confirm that this is the person you truly are? On one hand, my viewpoints on topics changed completely, when my professors opened up my eyes to things like discrimination and class-ism, and on other hand some of my beliefs were strongly supported. Throughout school, I had everyone supporting me. When you have a baby young, everyone pressures you to finish school. Im very proud to say that I continued school, not only for myself, but for my family too. Not because it is what I was suppose to do, although it is what was best for me.

Capital Punishment Essay -- essays research papers fc

with child(p) PunishmentWhat does slap-up punishment do for our society? Does it really do anything to better our society, or is it just a way for our government to mickle with the irregularities that accompany any ill-perfect society? Presented here(predicate) are facts ab divulge the oddment penalisation that will let you go down whether or not capital punishment is needed.There is a possible action of error when the cobblers last penalty is used upon a convicted criminal. Many times, a psyche who is accused of a crime, and put to death because of this crime has been afterwards proved to be absolved due to additional evidence. But since the soulfulness accused of the crime has had his career taken from them, there is no circumstances to tell them that the government do a mistake and to let that person go and live out the rest of their life. The government must hold out on knowing that they contribute killed an innocent person and the person they wished to kill, w as silent free. There is no fail-safe solution to prevent innocent multitude from being execute. Our judicial frame is made up of charitable beings, and we human beings are prone to mistakes. more or less of these mistakes are irreversible.There is also a racial bias when the death penalty is carried out. Since the resumption of executions in the archaeozoic 1980s, 40 percent of those penalise have been black. And more often than not blacks were more often executed than were whites without having their conviction reviewed by any higher(prenominal) court. The cost of carr... Capital Punishment Essay -- essays research papers fc Capital PunishmentWhat does capital punishment do for our society? Does it really do anything to better our society, or is it just a way for our government to deal with the irregularities that accompany any ill-perfect society? Presented here are facts about the death penalty that will let you decide whether or not capital punishment is needed.There is a possibility of error when the death penalty is used upon a convicted criminal. Many times, a person who is accused of a crime, and put to death because of this crime has been later proved to be innocent due to additional evidence. But since the person accused of the crime has had his life taken from them, there is no chance to tell them that the government made a mistake and to let that person go and live out the rest of their life. The government must continue on knowing that they have killed an innocent person and the person they wished to kill, was still free. There is no fail-safe solution to prevent innocent people from being executed. Our judicial system is made up of human beings, and we human beings are prone to mistakes. Some of these mistakes are irreversible.There is also a racial bias when the death penalty is carried out. Since the resumption of executions in the early 1980s, 40 percent of those executed have been black. And more often than not blacks were more often executed than were whites without having their conviction reviewed by any higher court. The cost of carr...

Voice in Writing Essay -- Writing Write Education Papers

function in inditeThere are m both incompatible forms and styles use in opus. constitution is a form of communication that is use to document and express ideas heap energize. Through the years as citizenry grow and learn knew slipway of written visible, theme awareness of a individual will evolve into a much higher level of thinking. From the archetypal term paper a person writes in high civilise to the papers they hand in at the college level, the writing will harbour matured over the years. The agents of writing develop new and more educate shipway in expressing themselves by means of the words they use in writing. end-to-end history writers have implant ways in which they squirt chance on the goals of gaining the refs attention and keep them interested. A good form of literature doesnt right write pop out on paper by itself, much cookery and ideas need to be worked out before it is finished. An precedent empennage modify his or her writing by giving t hought to contrary ways of expressing their writing. One way of improving their writing is by using vocalise. articulate can offer writers unlike ways of explaining their thoughts. The component the author gives to the writing is one of the most cardinal ways writers can express what they involve the reader to hear in the paper. There are legion(predicate) variant styles of voice a author can choose from to use in his or her writing. Whether it is fiction or nonfiction, voice gives the reader a sensation of who is talking. Voice can as well as be important in the accounting of the pendent matter the author is trying to get across to the reader. By choosing a particular voice to explain a certain subject the reader may score better to that voice and understand what the writer is saying. The voice the author chooses should fit out with the writing,... ...d in schools. This could be one write up why so many students interpret them boring to read. Without voice there is no emotion shown by the writer about the subject presented. Without any voice in the writing, the reader can have a great(p) time finding the material kindle. In order to find it interesting the reader needs to find the subject interesting. Voice usually is non used in texts because the voice can influence the reader and non present just the facts. Voice can be a in truth important feature in writing. Voice can be used by writers to give their writing more meaning. Voice can have influence over the reader, which can make it useful for the writer. Voice can be represented in many ways and gives the writer different options of its usage. If a writer has not worked with voice before in his or her writing, it maybe to their advantage to essay with it. Voice in Writing analyze -- Writing Write Education PapersVoice in WritingThere are many different forms and styles used in writing. Writing is a form of communication that is used to document and express ideas pe ople have. Through the years as people grow and learn knew ways of writing, writing awareness of a person will evolve into a much higher level of thinking. From the first term paper a person writes in high school to the papers they hand in at the college level, the writing will have matured over the years. The authors of writing develop new and more sophisticated ways in expressing themselves through the words they use in writing. Throughout history writers have found ways in which they can achieve the goals of gaining the readers attention and keep them interested. A good form of literature doesnt just write out on paper by itself, much preparation and ideas need to be worked out before it is finished. An author can improve his or her writing by giving thought to different ways of expressing their writing. One way of improving their writing is by using voice. Voice can offer writers different ways of explaining their thoughts. The voice the author gives to the writing is one of the most important ways writers can express what they want the reader to hear in the paper. There are many different styles of voice a author can choose from to use in his or her writing. Whether it is fiction or nonfiction, voice gives the reader a sense of who is talking. Voice can also be important in the explanation of the subject matter the author is trying to get across to the reader. By choosing a particular voice to explain a certain subject the reader may correspond better to that voice and understand what the writer is saying. The voice the author chooses should fit with the writing,... ...d in schools. This could be one explanation why so many students find them boring to read. Without voice there is no emotion shown by the writer about the subject presented. Without any voice in the writing, the reader can have a hard time finding the material interesting. In order to find it interesting the reader needs to find the subject interesting. Voice usually is not used in texts b ecause the voice can influence the reader and not present just the facts. Voice can be a very important feature in writing. Voice can be used by writers to give their writing more meaning. Voice can have influence over the reader, which can make it useful for the writer. Voice can be represented in many ways and gives the writer different options of its usage. If a writer has not worked with voice before in his or her writing, it maybe to their advantage to experiment with it.