What Effect Does Tourism Have on Jamaica

Extended Essay Jason Baugh School Number: 003311 Candidate Number: 003311-005 Supervisor: Mr. L. Holmes Name of School: Hillel Academy Session 2012 Subject Area: Geography Research Question: What effect does tourism have on Jamaica in relation to Social Friction and degradation on Natural Resources, specifically in the towns of Montego Bay and Trelawney? Topic Areas: Tourism, environmental degradation, social integration, cultural diffusion, development, globalization. Table of Contents Abstract3 Introduction5 Jamaica’s Hotel Industry6 Problem with Investors8 Cruise Tourism11 Jamaica’s Investment in Cruise Tourism13Trelawney as a Capitol City15 Integrating tourists and social friction17 Conclusion19 Abstract Jamaica is a much sought after tourist destination and has a booming tourist industry that is second to almost none. With our large musical influence around the world as well as being known as a home for Rastafarians outside of Ethiopia there are more than enough re asons to visit Jamaica. With a rocky economy, tourism is a necessity for Jamaica to develop and grow and earn more money. Development of hotels and facilities for increased visits from other countries, Jamaica relies more than ever on its natural resources that it is known for.Jamaica is accessible by air and water and caters to the contributors of over 50% of our GDP. But with the amount of people visiting, our country is susceptible to a number of problems resulting in an over To truly understand whether or not our islands natural resources are being degraded and if the nationals are being exploited or becoming violent and unlawful or experiencing trouble from the investments and developments in relation to tourism, we need to look at what is being done for the development of that sector and the level of tourism Jamaica receives.There are damages occurring to the environment as a result of the many activities that are now being instituted to raise funds that are generated by forei gn investment and tourism. The pollution and degradation of the land comes from the building of larger buildings and increased water activity. Although these facilities are causing harm, through government legislations and application and abide to conservation laws that have been put in place over the years to facilitate and match the rate at which they are depleting. IntroductionThis essay will look at the all of the tourist aspects of Jamaica. This means that it will need to focus the research on the northern coast of the island because it contains most of the tourism attractions and accommodation development on the island. Tourism is a means of globalization, opening countries to the knowledge outside of their own. Jamaica is a widely famous and known location for tourists to visit, giving it a famous reputation that precedes itself on many occasions. With tourism, there are both good effects and bad effects.With tourism being Jamaica’s main source of income, the resources exploited are under constant use and mean that they stand to suffer the most and experience negative effects from constant interaction. The main focus of the essay will be on the towns of Trelawney and Montego Bay. These two areas are undergoing a large amount of development and an increase in the amount of visitors that are being received. As mentioned above, there are several negative side effects and each of them is present in both of these areas of Jamaica Jamaica’s Hotel IndustryJamaica’s location geographically is the main attributor to its fame. Being of a tropical climate, the island attracts the type of people that are seeking a type of holiday that includes activities based around the natural resources that the island has to offer. Activities as such include tree top tours, river rafting, and coral snorkeling, anything that interacts with the exotic plant and animal life. The hotels that have been developed across the northern coast are built for the purpose of being central locations to activities like the ones listed above.The developments of the hotels are investments of the hotel brands. Whilst Jamaica has the benefit of the popularity of the hotel’s name and the development of the area around the hotels increases the amount of money gained, the hotels benefit from the location for building another branch of their business. The hotel chains use the location to fuel their business. The six main hotel areas for Jamaica are Montego Bay (9,307 rooms), Ocho Rios (8,202 rooms), Negril (7,574 rooms), Kingston (2,347 rooms), the South Coast (1,369 rooms) and Port Antonio (995 rooms). (Figures from the Vision 2030 Jamaica document. At present there are 160 hotels all over Jamaica, including mainly the larger more recognized hotel chains and leaving out the small enterprises around the island. The number of rooms easily exceeds 35,000 and seems to be increasing. Some hotels are easy to see that they have a large amount of rooms like t he chains Iberostar having up to 890 rooms currently, Riu Hotels currently at 701 rooms in the Montego Bay branch and even more at the 10 km long Ocho Rios branch with 856 total rooms, the large Gran Bahia Principe hotel in Runaway Bay with a total of 831 rooms and the Grand Palladium with 540 rooms total.At present, Jamaica has a total of 29,794 rooms across all hotels and the number is only increasing with more and more development. At this rate the hotels would need to expand in a way that would create more rooms but stay within the land that they own. In cases like these, it is common for the hotel chains to try and bend the conditions of their contracts, in an attempt to exploit the government. The company that is most known for this type of bending is the Riu Hotels chain. Problems with InvestorsThe first reported incident started in January of 2008, with their first offense being with the neighboring residents in Mammee Bay. The locals could tell that the water, since the beg inning of the building from 2006, almost two years ago, had been contaminated. Not only for neighboring residents but also in the beachfronts, there had clearly been contamination of the pristine waters. That are one of Jamaica’s claims to fame Continuing into the 22nd of April, Riu had â€Å"not responded to the charges† that was put against them and it left the chairman of Mammee Bay no choice but to take them to court.At first, it had just been a problem of contamination of water but by taking the hotel chain to court a large amount of violations in building code was found, not only ones that are recognized globally but that they specifically signed not to do in their contracts with the government. On May 1st, Riu decided to respond publically by saying that they would remove the ‘decorations’ from the roofs and even tried to put the blame on the Mayor of the time, Mr. Charles Sinclair, for not having the plans approved. Their negligence of the building codes and building rules of Jamaica had gotten to the point that even Prime Minister, Mr.Bruce Golding, had to speak out about it. He bluntly stated that Riu had to comply and demolish the floors that were not approved at the time or else they would face the â€Å"full brunt of Jamaican law. † Finally by May 22nd Riu finally succumb to the will of the government and â€Å"fired up† demolition equipment hired to take down the illegal floors. This case is a representation of the ways that companies try to accomplish their goals by illegitimate means. By using improper building methods, the hotel is lacking in the quality and safety it needs. Since the incident, Riu ad legally acquired more land and were able to spread out but during the first instance, this hotel was contaminating the waters that its costumers were to be using and what is attracting and making people want to visit the Mamee Bay. By contaminating even the waterfront of the hotel, the reputation of Jamaic a’s clean beach waters and clean white sand are immediately ruined and the new contaminated image remains with them. Had their system of development continue, the waters of the Mamee Bay would be an environmental nightmare and take years to get them back to a proper state.The case is also representative of the islands attitude towards its tourism sector, showing that they care for it greatly, by reacting quickly to the problems that were occurring and to get Riu to correct their procedures. This shows that the population understands the risks of polluting our resource and what impact it would have on our tourist industry. Jamaica’s tourism stems also from activities that would open up Jamaica to other interests, rather than having it cater only to a relaxing place for people to get away. Attractions include natural or man-made horticultural, cultural, historical, equestrian, aquatic, aerial, eco-tourism, recreational and environmental facilities for tourists. † ( Page 5, Vision 2030 Jamaica) Jamaica has many different types of attractions, ranging from water parks in Negril and other water activities, nature trails and hiking and canopy tours and other nature themed and adventure type parks, several Natural parks around the island and natural attractions like the blue mountains and the beaches and canopies, all of which are centered around different types of activities that hotels can build around and cater for.Because they are so spread out across the island, it would mean that a visitor would want to experience all of the attractions and travel island wide to experience them all. Cruise Tourism Tourism from Cruising is still a good contribution to Jamaica’s arrivals and shows for 38 percent of Jamaica’s arrivals. In 2008 it was recorded that 1. 1 million people arrived in on cruise ships and cruise passengers spent US$ 91 million in the same year. Mainly the ships that come in to the ports belong the cruise lines Royal Caribb ean Cruises and the Carnival Cruise companies.It is even thought that the main areas of our transport infrastructures are located in the expansion and improvements of our roads as well as in the airports and cruise line ports. The Ocho Rios port is shown to receive the most revenue but Jamaica also has a port in Montego Bay as well as Port Antonio. But even with the income from these ports, a fund known as the Tourism Enhancement Fund was introduced in 2005 where air passengers had to pay US$ 10. 00 and cruise passengers paid US$ 5. 00 through various means by the individual industries.The world cruise industry has experienced positive results in the past five years with the number of passengers steadily on the rise. In 2006 about 12. 1 million passengers took cruises to about 500 ports, and this increased to 13. 2 million in 2008. The Caribbean remains the main cruise destination, accounting for 38. 2% of all itineraries. Ocho Rios is the main port of call for cruise ships. It regu larly receives 679,247 cruise passengers annually 62. 2% of total cruise passenger arrivals for that year. In second, Montego Bay received 405,999 cruise passengers representing 37. % of the total. Growth has been seen over the years in the growth of the cruise industry in relation to the continuing improvement in accessibility of ports and the quality and speed of travel on cruise ships. The average percent age of the GDP growth was usually 4. 5% every year. In 2006, the transport authority noticed that there was a spike in the country’s GDP growth where it reached up to 10%. It was discovered that this was due to a series of natural disasters that affected Mexico as a vacation destination and leaving Jamaica as a default. †¦In 2007 and 2008 the growth rate fell to 0. 7 % and 2. 7 % respectively† (Page 13, Vision 2030 Jamaica) and this was due to both Mexico rebuilding themselves from their natural disaster but more importantly because in 2008 the world experience d the global recession crisis and this prohibited people from travel and especially discouraged them from travel and taking vacations. But even though this was true the increase in the attractiveness and appeal to travel to Jamaica that cause the improvement of the tourism sector of the island has seen an increase in cruise passengers.The number of arrivals grew from 29% in the earlier years of tourism development 1982 to 38 % of total arrivals in 2008. Jamaica’s Investment in Cruise Tourism Jamaica continues to have high levels of people coming in and welcomes over 1 million every year from cruise passengers come to visit our shores. This could be used as an indicator to show how much people think of Jamaica as a good tourist spot that we would be able to have record levels of cruise attendance even through an economic recession, further solidifying Jamaica as a destination of choice. In 2006 the country experienced a record 1,336,994 cruise passengers arrivals, over the 1,1 35,843 for 2005. † (Page 17, Vision 2030 Jamaica) These record visits did not go unrecognized and garnered Jamaica the awarded title Caribbean’s Leading Cruise Destination for 2 years in a row and The World’s Leading Cruise Destination for the first time from the World Travel Awards in 2006. These titles come with a comparable steady growth of the industry of an average 3. 2% growth annually over the past five years from 2004-2008. The government is looking into the cruise ship industry with hope and eagerness.They are so hopeful that the government put a lot of development into a new pier built into Falmouth to add to our already three existing piers. Tourism Minister Edmund Bartlett made a prediction in March 3 of 2011 that Trelawney will become the tourism capital of Jamaica from the increase of people to be coming in from the pier. It was also announced that there is going to be an addition of 10,000 new hotel rooms for the parish over the next five years. Th is is in addition to the current thousands of rooms currently on the northern coast.By adding another capitol town with a new form of transport, Jamaica has made itself available to a new kind of tourism with larger quantities and expanding on what they already receive. With the opening of the pier in Trelawney brings new attraction abilities because of Trelawney as an old town. Tourists can be treated to artifacts from Jamaica’s history. Trelawney as a Capitol â€Å"We are going to make Trelawney the tourism Mecca of Jamaica. This parish, in the next five years will have 10,000 new hotel rooms. I went to Spain two weeks ago and put them back on track, the development at Oyster Bay†¦It is going to happen (and) watch over the next 12 months what is going to happen at Harmony Cove,† Bartlett told JLP supporters. (Jamaica Observer) The pier was estimated to hopefully bring in about US$ 500 million that will be able to be injected into the economy by the government. T he pier and the tourism from the pier have created a number of jobs for the local area. The Tourism Product Development Company had trained over 400 residents of Trelawney by February of 2011 in various aspects of tourism as the parish prepares for its debut in the rising and steadily increasing cruise shipping arena.All of these efforts were put in place in the hope that the government gets Trelawney ready for a new bustling area of tourism for Jamaica to invest in thanks to the Falmouth Cruise Ship Pier. Over US$ 50 million was spent on several aspects of the parish including training, aesthetic appearance, zinc fence removal, the creation of public parking areas and sanitary conveniences, the renovation of the historic Court House and many other improvements across the town of Falmouth to make it somewhere to visit again and more appealing. In addition to the training, over 1000 residents have been involved in tourism sensitization workshops.This aspect is very important aspect o f helping the tourists become more acclimatized to our culture rather than giving them a culture shock, an aspect that often leaves many visitors with bad first impression and can affect tourism. The enthusiasm behind our increasing cruise industry brings in the prospect of new investments. In 2006 the Port Authority of Jamaica and Royal Caribbean Cruise Limited (RCCL) signed a five year contract with each other, valued at over US$16. 5 million. This means that there will be a guarantee that the RCCL will provide a minimum of 2. million cruise passengers over the next five years and so gives us a dependable income. Additionally, the planned development of Falmouth as a brand new cruise port along with the planned expansion of the Port of Montego Bay are expected to boost the country’s chances of capitalizing from the changes in the industry. All of these changes in the ports will push the country to develop the other aspects to have a proper port like the marinas. Tourism Int egration and Social Friction Social friction causes many of the problems that come from ‘language’ barriers or rather problems that come from people not understanding each other.Another problem that arises is when tourists that come to visit get involved in the corruption or the horrible acts that people condone in Jamaica unfortunately. Also, bad impressions are also made when men are behaving inappropriately towards guests is something that would deter people from returning the island. Integration of the tourists into Jamaican society smoothly is a concern of many companies and can lead to many problems because of several reasons. The most apparent and anticipated one is the fact that not all people are comfortable with mixing with members of another race or are outspokenly racist.Jamaica’s majority is black and so the tourist that come in may not act respectfully towards the nationals. Jamaican culture is centered around mutual respect and so if they do not sh ow respect then the nationals don’t show any respect and the tourists, not understanding this, think that it is the Jamaican’s fault. This leads into the other problem that is cultural barriers. Jamaica’s culture is very strong and the people have a good sense of it. There are many beliefs and social norms that are different as would be visiting any country.Sometimes, unknowingly, a tourist may do something that is normal to them but is offensive to Jamaicans, especially in relation to homosexuals. Something that is known to bring women to the country is a service called ‘Rent-a-Dread’, where women will arrange from wherever they are to meet with a ‘dread’, a male escort that will be a companion for the women for as long as they have paid for. This is technically illegal because it is almost a form of prostitution. Unlike the weed services that are heavily advertised, this is kept more secret and is usually heard about from the friends of the women who have used it before.He problems that arise from this type of tourism is its conflict with sex trafficking laws and Jamaica’s laws pertaining to prostitution and the fact that it is illegal. Even though it can be portrayed as a tourist integration service, the participants are still using money in the transaction of pleasure from the â€Å"dread† to the woman. For Trelawney, from 2005, the feeling of crime increase coupled with the future plans for development made residents of the town uneasy and sentiments of interruption of the multi billion-dollar investment were shared among the community.Police statistics from 2005 showed an increase in the amount of shooting crimes in that area, increasing by nine to a total of 17. It was more worrying that this was all happening around the summer period. But of that same year there had been a decline in other forms of crime like break-ins or larceny. Even in the last year, 2011, Trelawney’s court had a fa ir share of crimes, most of which were reportedly sexually based crimes occurring very early within the year.But by the middle of the year the police force sought to correct the problems and made and effort to put in place a system that would help reduce crime. They employed the use of several classic methods, involving the community but mostly keeping abreast and alert to anything that was happening in the town to stay on top of it. In 2010 Trelawney had a record level of crime, dipping with 28 percent decrease in total crime for Jamaica, followed by 2011, which dipped by 27 percent by the March period of the year. Environmental DegradationOne of the main aspects of the environment that is damaged the most from interference of the tourist is the coral reef. As well as dealing with the tourist interaction, another aspect that is affecting the reefs are the increased levels of activity of the cruise ships coming in, especially with the addition of the Trelawney Pier. The coral reefs in the Caribbean are famous for how much life they have and for how clear it is. Untrained observers of the coral reef don’t understand the delicate balance of the reef and accidently throw it out of sync and cause the coral to start bleaching.A U. K. marine scientist M. J. C. Crabbe was quoted from his work Marine Environmental Research, which looked at Jamaica’s coral reefs and attributed the changes to several aspects of environmental interference in a bog known as the World Climate Report. His finding were entered in a September 13th 2010 entry by an admin of the blog, and was quoted as to saying that the corals state of health derived from Coastal development increase, overfishing, land being developed adjacent to reefs and the work being done on Jamaica’s north coast road development.He also went on to state that there had been improvement to the fringing corals in discovery bay at the end of 2008 and that there would have been hope but the fishermen of th e area did not implement the preservation tactics that were to be installed. Conclusion Jamaica spends a lot of money on the development of new facilities to generate more income. There are new attractions being built and put up all around the place. Construction and finishing of buildings and roads are happening fast and will be able to escalate our development in other areas of the country.A lot of the investments from foreign companies were not based on the best of contracts and so resulted in an exploitation of the country in the tax breaks and the cost of import for the foreign companies is lower, all done in hopes that it would create positive effects but it resulted in exploitation of the countries resources. There is hope that the resources will eventually gain stability and increase at a sustainable rate and continue into the future.With legislations and laws put in place to support sustainable development, Jamaica should be on the right track to being able to continue deve lopment on the tourist sector. The coral reefs are being protected by restriction s on aquatic traffic and sanctuaries. The building of hotels and attractions destroys the environment but with new legislations and building laws, they help support the environment and stimulate growth. I believe that Jamaica’s resources will be able to sustain development because of the current laws, legislations and systems put in place.Bibliography * http://statinja. gov. jm/ * http://www. visitjamaica. com/ * http://www. worldclimatereport. com/index. php/2010/09/13/coral-bleaching/ * http://www. vision2030. gov. jm/Portals/0/Speeches/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20Overview%20of%20launch%20of%20Vision%202030%20Jamaica-%20National%20Development%20Plan,%20Popular%20Version. pdf * http://jamaica-gleaner. com/ * http://www. jamaicaobserver. com/ * http://jamaica-gleaner. com/gleaner/20050629/lead/lead4. html * http://jamaica-gleaner. com/gleaner/20110223/news/news91. html *

Autism and Rain Man

Autism and Rain Man In the movies things are portrayed in ways that are supposed to make the movie sell, which means that movies are not always accurate. The movie Rain Man was about a man and his brother, who happened to be an autistic savant. In Rain Man Dustin Hoffman played Raymond, who was a high-functioning autistic savant. In the movie Raymond had routines and rituals that he did; and when his routines were interrupted or he was afraid of something he had a temper tantrum where he would hit his head. He tended to babble and repeat himself, and when he was stressed he would recite â€Å"Who’s on First? by Abbott and Costello. Raymond had trouble interacting with people and had problems understanding certain concepts. Raymond doesn’t like people touching him or his stuff. He also doesn’t understand the concept of money. The question is, â€Å"Is this a realistic portrayal of an autistic savant? † The answer is that at least part of it is realistic. T he character Dustin Hoffman played was based on a real life savant. The name of the savant that inspired the movie, and got the title of â€Å"real life Rain Man† was Kim Peek. Dustin Hoffman actually spent time with Kim Peek so he could more accurately play the character.While he may have gotten the savant part of his role correct, Dustin Hoffman may not have necessarily gotten the autistic part of his role correct, since he didn’t actually meet with an autistic like he did with Kim Peek. That means that to find out how accurate the movie was in portraying autism, you must first look into and get a better understanding of autism. People with autism usually experience onset prior to age three. It has been estimated that there are approximately two to five cases of autism per ten thousand individuals.Males are four to five times more likely to have autism, but girls with autism are more likely to be more severely mentally retarded. Also, you are more likely to have auti sm if one of your siblings has autism. Autism has been shown to take a continuous course. It has been reported that some children with autism act abnormal from the time of birth. Their parents report being worried since the time they were born. With these kids, their parents notice a lack of interest in social interaction. In infancy, symptoms are harder to notice and define than those found after age two.On the other hand, it has also been reported that other children with autism were developmentally normal for the first year or two of their life. Children with autism tend to have problems with pretend play, verbal and nonverbal communication, and social interactions. In school-aged children developmental gains are common in some areas. Behaviorally, some individuals deteriorate around adolescence while others improve. Only a small amount of autistic people are capable of living and working individually when they reach adulthood.It is estimated that only about one-third of autistic people are capable of achieving any amount of partial independence. Even the highest-functioning adults with autism still have problems with social interactions and communication. The highest-functioning adults with autism will also still have a small range of hobbies and interests. People with autism may have unusual distress when routines are changed. They also may perform repeated body movements, show unusual attachments to objects, and be overly sensitive in sight, hearing, touch, smell, or taste.People with autism will also have communicational issues, which may include the inability to start or maintain a social conversation, using gestures to communicate instead of words, having slow language development or no language development, not adjusting their gaze to focus on what others are looking at, not referring to themselves correctly (like by saying you instead of I when talking about themselves), not pointing to direct others' attention to objects, repeating memorized words, phrases, dialogs, and passages (like from books or movies), and using nonsense rhyming.Autistic people are withdrawn. They do not make friends or participate in interactive games. When autistic people play, they don’t imitate the actions of others. They prefer solitary or ritualistic play instead of group games. They engage in little or no pretend or imaginative play. Autistic people may not respond to eye contact or smiles, and may even avoid eye contact. They may treat others as objects instead of people and show a lack of empathy towards others. Autistic would rather spend time alone than with others. Autistic people may also have unusual responses to sensory information. For xample, they may have heightened or low senses of sight, hearing, touch, smell, or taste. An autistic person would not jump when they heard a loud noise, although they may find normal noises painful and hold hands over ears. They may withdraw from physical contact because it is over stimulating or ov erwhelming. They may have heightened or lowered responses to pain. They may also rub surfaces and lick objects. Autistic people tend to â€Å"Act up† with intense tantrums when something they do not like happens (like not getting what they want). Autistic people may get stuck on a single topic or task.They may also have a short attention span. Autistic people tend to have very narrow interests and may show a strong need for sameness. An autistic person may be either very overactive or very passive. They may also show aggression towards themselves or others. People with autism have specific neuropsychological deficits that produce many of the symptoms associated with autism. It has been identified that prefrontal impairments are present in autistic people that affect things like spatial working memory, attention shifting, and response inhibition.Also, there have been impairments detected in the medial temporal lobe and in facial processing. It has also been shown that very you ng children with autism have abnormal ERP responses to faces, emotions, and speech. It has also been shown that people with autism have auditory processing abnormalities. There is no cure for autism, but the symptoms can be managed through therapy. Also, it has been shown that early, intensive behavioral programs can significantly improve learning and communication skills and reduce disturbed behaviors.It has been proven that children that are better functioning at the start of treatment are more likely to gain more from the treatment. Biomedical treatments are limited to using medications to manage the disruptive behavior, self-injuring, and stereotyped behavior. According to Abnormal Psychology In A Changing World (Seventh Edition) â€Å"Autistic traits generally continue on into adulthood to some degree or another† (Nevid, Rathus & Green, 2008, p. 485). Even so, some autistic children go on to get college degrees and function independently.Others need constant treatment th roughout the duration of their lives and some even need institutionalized care. Now that we have enough information on autism we can make a judgment on how realistic the movie was in portraying Raymond Babbitt as an autistic savant. Because the actor met with Kim Peek, a real life savant, and studied his mannerisms and abilities, we can conclude that his depiction of savants is realistic. He did not though; meet with an autistic to learn what they are like, so we must look at his actions as Raymond Babbitt and judge their authenticity as the behaviors an autistic person would experience.It has been pointed out that in the movie Raymond Babbitt had routines and rituals that he did; and when his routines were interrupted or he was afraid of something he had a temper tantrum where he would hit his head. He tended to babble and repeat himself, and when he was stressed he would recite â€Å"Who’s on First? † by Abbott and Costello. Raymond had trouble interacting with peopl e and had problems understanding certain concepts. Raymond doesn’t like people touching him or his stuff. He also doesn’t understand the concept of money.Apart from Raymond’s inability to understand the concept of money, all of the oddities about Raymond that are not accounted for by his savant nature are accounted for by autism. The only thing unaccounted for is his inability to understand the concept of money which played a fairly big part in the storyline of the movie. So, in conclusion we can say that Rain Man followed reality pretty well in its representation of autism. ? References NICHD Staff Presentations on Autism Research. (2010, June 2). etrieved April 13 2011, from Autism Research at the NICHD Web Site: http://www. nichd. nih. gov/autism/autism. cfm Treffert, D. , & MD. (n. d. ). Kim Peek – The Real Rain Man | Wisconsin Medical Society. Physicians Page | Wisconsin Medical Society. Retrieved April 11, 2011, from http://www. wisconsinmedicalsoci ety. org/savant_syndrome/savant_profiles/kim_peek Kanashiro, N & Zieve, D (2010, April 26). Autism. retrieved April 10 2011, from Autism – PubMed Health Web Site: http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002494/ American Psychiatric

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History of Planning - Essay Example (National Planning Policy Framework), housing strategy and Localism Act were introduced leading to more compliance with environmental justice, availability of government incentives for home planners and builders (Bryson & Bryson, 2004). Civil War and the subsequent industrial revolution resulted to changes in U.S settlement and other social aspects. New technologies emerged and led to growth of industries, huge cities, and escalation in industrial workers. Disparagingly, cities grew with petite planning. Choices regarding construction and land use were in the hands of builders, developers, individual landowners who were out to make huge profits and consequently left little open space for expansion. Environmental degradation upsurged while developers simply focused on economic development at the expense of the existence of a sustainable environment. By the closing of the frontier a unique American society had been created. Americans became resourceful, established strength and craggy individualism that nurtured democracy. Instead of succumbing to urban problems in the collusive cities, the poor considered moving to the west which they perceived to be safe. People started living close to nature and sanitize it of civ ilization’s corruption (Bryson & Bryson, 2004). The primeval wilderness ominously improved. Due to increased land demand, Americans planned to explore cyberspace and outer space and John F. Kennedy was committed to resolve the planning issues facing Americans while leaders such as Chief Joseph, Crazy Horse, Sitting Bull and Geronimo strived to resist such changes. Cases over the best planning and utilization of land have always existed. For instance, in the case of Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co, Euclid formulated a zoning ordinance that divided the land into sections that were to be used for particular purposes (Bryson & Bryson, 2004). While Euclid had the right to control and use the property, it violated Ambler’s 14th Amendment provision

Paradigms Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Research Paper

Paradigms Cognitive Behavioral Therapy - Research Paper Example They often pressured her to perform well at school; they insisted that it would safeguard her future. The parents are devoted Muslims, who consider daily prayers and the Quran a daily routine. During the therapy session, the mother stated that Halima had been suffering from severe anxiety for a period of one year. Further, she said that Halima used to wake up and cry during the night. The mother stated that the daughter often complained that she was not sure whether she would succeed in her mathematics class at school. Often, she asked the mother to recheck her homework so that she could know that she had completed it successfully. Despite the efforts of the mother, Halima’s anxiety continued, and would worry about other things like the location of her books, school bag, and other diminutive things. Halima had also exhibited compulsive hand washing, in preparation for prayer, during the five times of prayer for Muslims. She demonstrated the need to do everything perfectly. Halima insisted that her problems started during a mathematics class when the teacher threatened of failing them. For that reason, she had started hating mathematics for fear that she would fail. Sometimes, she decided not to go to school since she felt like crying all the time. She explained that she liked all her teachers, except her mathematics teacher. Often, she feared that her parents would die, meditating on how she could continue her life, in case they died. She also feared about a trip that the mother took to visit the elder brother of Halima. Halima felt that she would be left alone, and would not be able to complete her homework without her help. Halima was diagnosed using an interview-based clinical approach, and scored 25 on the obsessive-compulsive rating in a scale between 0 and 40, which implied acute OCD. The symptoms perceived in her included repetitive, unrealistic,

Professional Project Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Professional Project - Dissertation Example Based on critical analysis and assessment, a group of entrepreneurs can determine the best option for their organization. It was based on such critical analysis that owners the ABC organization chose two of the three options, which are merger and acquisition. This M&A will be between a Dutch and Japanese Organization. In business or finance, merger occurs when one organization is united with another one in such a way that the separate organizations coming together begin to share all profits and loss. To this end, the Business Link Journal (2010) explain that â€Å"A merger is when you integrate your business with another and share control of the combined businesses with the other owner(s).† acquisition on the order hand occurs when one organization buys an entire organization, inheriting all its asserts and deficits and becoming the outright owner of the bought company. The Business Link Journal (2010) explains that â€Å"An acquisition is when you buy another business and en d up controlling it.† Drawing the difference between merger and acquisition, the Economy Watch (2011) argues that â€Å"Mergers occur when the merging companies have their mutual consent as different from acquisitions, which can take the form of a hostile takeover.† What is peculiar about ABC’s move is that the intended merger and acquisition is to take place between organizations of different cultural and national backgrounds. There is thus a situation whereby management has to deal with the fact that there will be employees from different cultures who must be resourced and managed in such a way that their diversity would produce benefits instead of demerits. This dissertation has therefore been set out to identify and examine how these two cultures – Japanese and Dutch will impact on staff morale in the merger. It is also about how organizational cultural change affects or influence staff morale. The professional project is divided into six major compone nts. The first section is the introduction which provides a brief overview of the whole project by outlining the workplace context, giving information about aspects of the researcher’s professional background that is particularly relevant to the professional project and giving details about who are involved in the project. The second session is dubbed literature review and it is committed to reviewing literature relevant to the research problem. There is also the approach, which provides information about what I did, how I did it, who was involved, when it was done and where it was done. Again, there is the section for findings where the researcher makes known, the data that was collected. After the findings, the researcher undertakes a reflective discussion of the findings and closes the professional project with a conclusion. The professional context of the researcher in relation to this project is that the researcher is a worker at the human resource department of his orga nization. Due to this, he has a responsibility ensuring the welfare and improved morale of his own employees. The project on ABC Organization would therefore be a test ground and a learning platform for him to translate to his own organization. Participants of the project are therefore mainly employees of various organizations were there is an intercultural employee system in place. The major role of these

US History and Society - Mexican War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

US History and Society - Mexican War - Essay Example The Mexicans considered Texas to be a province in a state of rebellion while America considered Texas to be a part of its growing western frontier (Heidler & Heidler, 2006). The war was also a party issue as Whigs in the American congress opposed the war while the democrats supported the war by taking it a sign of the manifest destiny of the Americans to have dominion over the entire continent as discussed by Thoreau (1998). While America had previously offered to purchase the territory of Texas in a manner similar to the Louisiana Purchase, the Mexican government did not want to part with any territory belonging to it. Texas also had internal issues of control for the Mexican government as Americans who had moved to Texas were accustomed to the freedom of religion which was present in America but not in Mexico since it was a largely Catholic country. The Texas rebellion led to the creation of an independent republic which quickly established diplomatic ties with other countries but these ties and the status of Texas as an independent country were not recognized by Mexico (Heidler & Heidler, 2006). The political situations in all three regions made war inevitable and after many battles between forces from both sides, America stood victorious and brought Mexico to the negotiations table. Mexico not only lost Texas in the war but also lost large portions of other parts of its dominion in the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo signed in 1848 (Bauer, 1974). While the war was over with this treaty, the after affects of the treaty only became clear when the dust had settled. America gained new states which were formerly controlled by Mexico and these included regions which are known today as California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico and Wyoming. Mexico was given $15 million and some debts which the Mexicans owned to Americans were assumed by the United States government. This settlement was actually

Denim (Jeans) Market in the U.K Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Denim (Jeans) Market in the U.K - Essay Example Consumers can now find jeans at  £3 in many outlets including Tesco and Matalan. The supermarkets however, have shifted away from selling the discounted brands and concentrate on building their own labels. Prices in the mass market have fallen due to cheaper imports especially from China, and because other retail brands like Marks & Spencer, Next, and Burtons have reduced their prices. The premium brand jeans are struggling to justify their price tags against the own-label brands at  £20-40. Jeans in the UK market are trying to differentiate themselves with cult connotations, lifestyle images, and distinctive details (Mintel 2005). At the same time, below-cost pricing methods by the super markets and their increasing presence in the convenience store sector have prompted government intervention (BBC 2006). In the clothing industry and in the jeans industry in particular, several factors like innovation and new products have to be introduced frequently. Recently, when there was a shift from bootleg jeans to narrow skinny styles, sales went up remarkably high. This has caused the denim market to reach sales of $15.26 billion ( £8.79 billion) in 2005, an increase of 9.3 percent from the year before (FashionUnited 2006). .At the same time, research suggests that brands continue to play an important role for the purchase of jeans (Jeans1 2006). Standard clothing seems to the major market, with fashion wear taking only about 15% of all sales (Keynote n.d.). Standard women’s wear has the largest share and national players dominate these sectors while fashion clothing also have strong but regional chains. The growth in the recent years has been in the discount clothing market. Jeans are ageless and not outrageously youthful in design, which effectively means that men, women and children of all ages use it. Consumers expect low prices, and increasing incomes are the key to increased economic activity. According to Jones and Hayes

Islam †Annotated Essay Essay Example for Free

Islam – Annotated Essay Essay The article explains the way Islam views life after death. It clearly describes the various tenets that this religion follows when it comes to life on earth and life after death. Islam believes that life on earth has no purpose except to prepare oneself for life after death. The life after death typically consists of three phases: Death, the intermediate and the phase of resurrection. Death is considered to be the first gateway to reach the Garden or Fire. Importance of the custom of singing various verses at the time of death and till the body is buried and the custom of proper ablutions before burial is given due space. The second phase is the most controversial phase for which lot of explanations exist. This is the period when the soul is separated from the body but is not yet resurrected. What the soul does in this in-between phase has many theories, most common being, the souls embarks on a journey similar to the journey made by Prophet Muhammad where He was taken through the seven layers of heaven and made to look down at the tortures of hell. Another commonly accepted theory is the visit of angels Munkar and Nakil, who question the souls about the Quranic verses and their faith. The third phase, that is, the day of Resurrection is believed to be quite spectacular with the destruction of the whole world and the souls entering either the garden or the fire according to their virtues. It is also believed that after resurrection and the destruction of the whole mankind, a new age will begin and justice and righteousness will return to the earth again with a new leader. The idea of punishments or rewards after death, like the author mentioned, do seem having lot of physical attributes. All that has been mentioned seems a bit too dramatic like the tree in hell, Zaqqam which has demons as flowers! It seems, to capture a proper picture of the horror of hell, physical attributes like fire, demons, swords, etc. have been used. This would probably make humans understand better the tortures that they are to undergo if they do not live a life of righteousness. The editor’s note also briefs about the various contributions Islam as a religion has made to the world like ban on liquor, gambling and other vices. It also mentions the equality that Muslim women are credited with in the religion. However, in this present world, they seem to be the most bounded ones. The images of burqa-clad women with no freedom tell quite a different story. The religion, which has beautiful and just tenets to its credit like equal property rights to women, no race and color discrimination, seems to be misunderstood and misinterpreted by the religious heads and the followers for short term benefits. Because of such acts, Islam today is demonized and its contributions to the society are being passed unnoticed. Finally, the article was a comprehensive note of the beliefs in Islam regarding death and after and gave a very brief yet informative idea about the various customs and views on important aspects like fate of non-believers and reincarnation. It did make me a lot wiser about this religion!

Managerial Economics Essay Example for Free

Managerial Economics Essay Chapter 1: Introduction to Managerial Economics 4. Describe the importance of the other things equal assumption in managerial economic analysis. 5. Describe what constitutes a market, distinguish competitive from non-competitive markets, and discuss imperfect markets. 6. Emphasize the globalization of markets. NOTES 1. Definition. Managerial economics is the science of directing scarce resources to manage cost effectively. 2. Application. Managerial economics applies to: (a) Businesses (such as decisions in relation to customers including pricing and advertising; suppliers; competitors or the internal workings of the organization), nonprofit organizations, and households. (b) The â€Å"old economy† and â€Å"new economy† in essentially the same way except for two distinctive aspects of the â€Å"new economy†: the importance of network  effects and scale and scope economies. i. network effects in demand – the benefit provided by a service depends on the total number of other users, e.g., when only one person had email, she had no one to communicate with, but with 100 mm users on line, the demand for Internet services mushroomed. ii. scale and scope economies – scaleability is the degree to which scale and scope of a business can be increased without a corresponding increase in costs, e.g., the information in Yahoo is eminently scaleable (the same information can serve 100 as well as 100 mm users) and to serve a larger number of users, Yahoo needs only increase the capacity of its computers and links. iii. Note: the term open technology (of the Internet) refers to the relatively free admission of developers of content and applications. (c) Both global and local markets. 3. Scope. (a) Microeconomics – the study of individual economic behavior where resources are costly, e.g., how consumers respond to changes in prices and income, how businesses decide on employment and sales, voters’ behavior and setting of tax policy. (b) Managerial economies – the application of microeconomics to managerial issues (a scope more limited than microeconomics). (c) Macroeconomics – the study of aggregate economic variables directly (as opposed to the aggregation of individual consumers and businesses), e.g., issues relating to interest and exchange rates, inflation, unemployment, import and export policies. 2 Chapter 1: Introduction to Managerial Economics 4. Methodology. (a) Fundamental premise economic behavior is systematic and therefore can be studied. Systematic economic behavior means individuals share common motivations and behave systematically in making economic choices, i.e, a person who faces the same choices at two different times will behave in the same way both times. (b) Economic model – a concise description of behavior and outcomes: i. focuses on particular issues and key variables (e.g., price, salary), omits considerable information, hence unrealistic at times; ii. constructed by inductive reasoning; iii. to be tested with empirical data and revised as appropriate. 5. Basic concepts. (a) Margin vis a vis average variables in managerial economics analyses. i. marginal value of a variable – the change in the variable associated with a unit increase in a driver, e.g., amount earned by working one more hour; ii. average value of a variable – the total value of the variable divided by the total quantity of a driver, e.g., total pay divided by total no. of hours worked; iii. driver – the independent variable, e.g., no. of hours worked; iv. the marginal value of a variable may be less that, equal to, or greater than the average value, depending on whether the marginal value is decreasing, constant or increasing with respect to the driver; v. if the marginal value of a variable is greater than its average value, the average value increases, and vice versa. (b) Stocks and flows. i. stock – the quantity at a specific point in time, measured in units of the item, e.g., items on a balance sheet (assets and liabilities), the world’s oil reserves in the beginning of a year; ii. Flow – the change in stock over some period of time, measured in units per time period e.g., items on an income statement (receipts and expenses), the world’s current production of oil per day. (c) Holding other things equal – the assumption that all other relevant factors do not change, and is made so that changes due to the factor being studied may be examined independently of those other factors. Having analysed the effects of each factor, they can be put together for the complete picture. 6. Organizational boundaries. (a) Organizations include businesses, non-profits and households. (b) Vertical boundaries – delineate activities closer to or further from the end user. (c) Horizontal boundaries relate to economies of scale (rate of production or delivery of a good or service) and scope (range of different items produced or delivered). 3 Chapter 1: Introduction to Managerial Economics (d) Organizations which are members of the same industry may choose different vertical and horizontal boundaries. 7. Competitive markets. (a) Markets. i. a market consists of buyers and sellers that communicate with one another for voluntary exchange. It is not limited by physical structure. ii. in markets for consumer products, the buyers are households and sellers are businesses. iii. in markets for industrial products, both buyers and sellers are businesses. iv. in markets for human resources, buyers are businesses and sellers are households. v. Note: an industry is made up of businesses engaged in the production or delivery of the same or similar items. (b) Competitive markets. i. markets with many buyers and many sellers, where buyers provide the demand and sellers provide the supply, e.g., the silver market. ii. the demand-supply model basic starting point of managerial economics, the model describes the systematic effect of changes in prices and other economic variables on buyers and sellers, and the interaction of these choices. (c) Non-competitive markets – a market in which market power exists. 8. Market power. (a) Market power the ability of a buyer or seller to influence market conditions. A seller with market power will have the freedom to choose suppliers, set prices and influence demand. (b) Businesses with market power, whether buyers or sellers, still need to understand and manage their costs. (c) In addition to managing costs, sellers with market power need to manage their demand through price, advertising, and policy toward competitors. 9. Imperfect Market. (a) Imperfect market where one party directly conveys a benefit or cost to others, or where one party has better information than others. (b) The challenge is to resolve the imperfection and be cost-effective. (c) Imperfections can also arise within an organization, and hence, another issue in managerial economics is how to structure incentives and organizations. 10. Local vis a vis global markets. (a) Local markets – owing to relatively high costs of communication and trade, some markets are local, e.g., housing, groceries. The price in one local market is independent of prices in other local markets. 4 Chapter 1: Introduction to Managerial Economics (b) Global markets owing to relatively low costs of communication and trade, some markets are global, e.g., mining, shipping, financial services. The price of an item with a global market in one place will move together with the pries elsewhere. (c) Whether a market is local or global, the same managerial economic principles apply. (d) Note: Falling costs of communication and trade are causing more markets to be more integrated across geographical border – enabling the opportunity to sell in new markets as well as global sourcing. Foreign sources may provide cheaper skilled labor, specialized resources, or superior quality, resulting in lower production costs and/or improved quality. ANSWERS TO PROGRESS CHECKS 1A. The managerial economics of the â€Å"new economy† is much the same as that of the â€Å"old economy† with two aspects being more important – network effects in demand and scale and scope economies. 1B. Vertical boundaries delineate activities closer to or further from the end user. Horizontal boundaries define the scale and scope of operations. ANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. Marketing over the Internet is a scaleable activity. Delivery through UPS is somewhat scaleable: UPS already incurs the fixed cost of an international collection and distribution network; it may be willing to give Amazon bulk discounts for larger volumes of business. 2. Number of cars in service January 2002 + production + imports – exports – scrappage during 2002 = Number of cars in service January 2003. Number of cars in service is stock; other variables are flows. 3. [omitted]. 4. No, models must be less than completely realistic to be useful. 5. (a) Average price per minute = (210 + 120 x 4)/5 = 138 yen per minute. (b) Price of marginal minute = 120 yen. 6. (a) Flow; (b) Stock; (c) Stock. 5 Chapter 1: Introduction to Managerial Economics 7. (a) The electricity market includes buyers and sellers. (b) industry consists of sellers only. The electricity 8. (a) False. (b) False. 9. [omitted]. 10. If there are scale economies, the organization could product at a lower cost on a larger scale, which means wider horizontal boundaries; and vice versa. 11. Yes. Horizontal boundaries: how many product categories should it sell? Vertical boundaries: should it operate its own warehouses and delivery service? 12. Intel has relatively more market power. 13. (b). 14. Both (a) and (b). 15. Competitive markets have large numbers of buyers and sellers, none of which can influence market conditions. By contrast, a buyer or seller with market power can influence market conditions. A market is imperfect if one party directly conveys benefits or costs to others, or if one party has better information than another. WORKED ANSWER TO DISCUSSION QUESTION Jupiter Car Rental offers two schemes for rental of a compact car. It charges $60 per day for an unlimited mileage plan, and $40 per day for a time-and-mileage plan with 100 free miles plus 20 cents a mile for mileage in excess of the free allowance. a. For a customer who plans to drive 50 miles, which is the cheaper plan. What are the average and marginal costs per mile of rental? (The marginal cost is the cost of an additional mile of usage.) b. For a customer who plans to drive 150 miles, which is the cheaper plan. What are the average and marginal costs per mile of rental? c. If Jupiter raises the basic charge for the time-and-mileage plan to $44 per day, how would that affect the average and marginal costs for a customer who drives 50 miles? 6 Chapter 1: Introduction to Managerial Economics Answer (a) It is helpful to sketch the total rental cost as a function of the mileage (see figure below). The breakeven between the two plans is at 200 miles per day. For 50 miles, the time-and-mileage plan is cheaper. Average cost = $40/50 = 80 cents per mile. Marginal cost = 0. Total cost ($) time-and-mileage plan unlimited mileage plan $60 $40 0 100 200 Quantity (miles per day) (b) For the 150 mile customer, the time-and-mileage plan is still cheaper. Average cost = $(40 + 0.2 x 50)/150 = 33 cents per mile; marginal cost = 20 cents per mile. (c) After the increase in the basic charge, the average cost = $(44 + 0.2 x 50)/150 = 36 cents per mile, while marginal cost = 20 cents per mile. The increase in the basic charge doesn’t affect the marginal cost. 7

The Competitive Environment Of British Petroleum Management Essay

The Competitive Environment Of British Petroleum Management Essay This paper is basically about the analysis of British Petroleum PLC (Bp). The analysis covers the competitive environment of the company in terms of its stance in the midst of its various competitors and also how attractive is the industry in which the British Petroleum company belongs to. Apart from the competitive environment, this report also identifies the key business strategies of the company and also the various resources and capabilities of the company that has given the company an edge over it other competitors. In analyzing the competitive environment, business strategy and identification of the various resources and capabilities of British Petroleum, the following frame works will be used; sporter five force, strategic groups, Bowmans strategy clock, value chain analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. OVERVIEW OF BRITISH PETROLEUM (BP) The British petroleum is one of the worlds largest energy companies and also one of the largest vertically integrated oil and gas companies in the world, which provides its customers with fuel for transportation, energy for heat and lighting, and also retail services and petrochemicals products for everyday use. The BP Plc operates across six continents which include: Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, North America and South America and their products and services are available in more than 100 countries in the world. British petroleums operations involve exploration, production of gas and crude oil, marketing and also trading of power, and natural gas liquids. British Petroleums headquartered is situated in London United Kingdom, and it has employs about 80,300 people as part of its labor force. Bp has various brands which include the Ampm, Arco, Castrol, Aral, Wild bean cafà © and Bp itself and the energy mix of the British Petroleum is a mixture of oil, gas, solar, wind and biofuels. BP is a company which focuses mainly on petroleum, but has some interest in alternative energy which shows that the company does not only specialize on oil and gas only like some of its competitors does. THE COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT OF BRITISH PETROLEUM (BP) . In analyzing the competitive environment of the British petroleum, as earlier stated, a very useful tool to consider is the five forces model of competition which was developed by Professor Michael Porter of the Harvard Business School in 1980, this model identifies factors that affect the organizations competitiveness in the industry and also help the firm to adopted the appropriate strategy in order to enhance its competitive advantage and also protect itself from threat as well. The five forces identified by porter include: Threat of entrants from organisations currently outside the industry Power of suppliers i.e. providers of inputs e.g. staff, IT, accommodation Power of buyers i.e. recipients of products/services Threat of substitutes i.e. things customers might buy instead Competitors/rivalry competition within the industry THREAT OF NEW ENTRANCE: The threat of entrance into the oil and gas industry is Low due to the fact that there is high barrier of entrance into the industry. Some of the companies that constitutes the oil and gas industry like British Petroleum uses heavy and very expensive equipments at well sites For example, pumping trucks and other huge equipments, huge capital investment expenses is involved, such as High infrastructure cost i.e. pipeline, road access in fields, land acquisition etc.  Availability of human resources in terms of scarcity of subsurface reservoir engineer and geologist all this contribute to the high barrier of entrance into the industry. POWER OF THE SUPPLIER: The bargaining power of suppliers is relatively high and this is driven by the presence of high cost of switching from one supplier to another and also the presence of relatively small number of energy and alternative energy suppliers (concentrated suppliers), also some of the buyers such as Bp and some other companies that constitute the industry are vertical integration companies so they might not even have the need to want to require the services of this suppliers so the power of the suppliers is Medium. POWER OF BUYERS:  The balance of power shifts toward buyers. Oil is a commodity and one companys oil or oil drilling services is not that much different from another companys and this  leads buyers to  go in favor of lower prices and or better contract terms.  The power of the buyer will be regarded has being Medium because buyers are powerful and can switch from the consumption of Bp products to another oil and gas companys product and at the same time an individual buyers decision does not necessarily have an impact on the company. THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES: Threat of substitutes is Low and the  Substitutes for the oil and gas industry includes alternative fuels such as coal, gas, solar power, wind power, hydroelectricity and nuclear energy which is still in the developing phase and also involves high cost of production. Oil is of great importance; it is not only used in fuelling cars alone, it is also used in the production of plastics and other materials. Majority of the means of transportation still relies heavily on oil and Oil is needed in order to generate electricity which implies that oil and gas would be depended on rather than the alternative due to its level of development and high cost of production. COMPETITIVE RIVALRY:   The level of competitive rivalry is high; the industry is characterized by big companies which produce low differentiated products and there is low threat of substitute and also low threat of new entrance into the oil and gas industry. Another tool that can also be used in the analysis of the competitive environment of the British Petroleum is the strategy group framework by Porter in 1979. According to porter, a strategic group is defined as a set of companies within an industry pursuing strategies that are similar to each other and different from firms outside the group on one or more key dimensions of their strategy. In terms of the oil and gas industry which BP belongs to, the level of competition is very high because major players in the industry such as Royal Dutch shell, Bp, Exxon Mobil, Total, chevron, and Conoco Phillips all adopt similar strategy and competing on similar bases which is adaptation of a vertical integration to an extent and they also produces similar range of products. BUSINESS STRATEGY OF BRITISH PETROLEUM OVER PAST 5YEARS In analyzing the business strategy being adopted by Bp over the past 5 years, the Bowmans strategic clock would be a useful tool. The strategy clock considers both the price and the perceived added value of goods and services produced by a company and compares it to that of its other competitors. Placing the Bp group under the strategic clock show that the company uses Hybrid strategy which means that they operate at a low cost based, reinvest in low price and differentiated in operation. BP is one of the largest operators and also one of the most well established globally, the company operates both in the upstream and downstream operation and its operations is also increasingly diversified or differentiated in production offering various oil products to the market. At the same time British Petroleum (BP) has a cost base that permits low prices and which is sufficient for reinvestment to maintain bases for differentiation. BP has been adopting the Hybrid strategy for a long period of time now and the sole aim of the strategy is to achieve differentiation and a price lower than that of BPs other competitors.

Education Over Censorship Essay -- School Technology Essays

Education Over Censorship Remember when you were a kid and you discovered something taboo or something that was considered adult? Didn’t it seem wrong, but exciting at the same time? It was something that was kept from your eyes or ears, but you were able to find it again when you wanted to. This is why there’s censorship in the world. There are things out there that children shouldn’t see. But determining what kids shouldn’t see has been plaguing our society forever. If we censor certain mediums just so kids can’t see them, then adults are also restricted. It’s like burning the house down to roast the pig. But, what if children were educated better? Even if they were educated about the taboo subjects such as pornography or obscenity, it could result in a society where these subjects weren’t taboo. Just blocking anything that has to do with sex, for example, could harm a child’s ability to learn important lessons about sex. If children are educated better, both at home and in school, censorship doesn’t have to be used and the idea of free speech could be respected much better than it is now. Unfortunately, when all those old dead presidents wrote the constitution over 200 years ago, they didn’t have TV, radio, or the internet. The fact that all the first amendment says is that congress can’t stop the freedom of speech or the press leaves this amendment open to endless debate over how it should be translated to modern day terms. If only Thomas Jefferson had in mind the KKK, Neo-Nazis, and the porn industry on the internet when he helped write the constitution. The Communications Decency Act was a huge block of nearly anything remotely obscene on the internet in order to protect the interests of minors. Among other... ...ble <http://researcher.sirs.com>. (8 December 1999). Kristol, Irving. "Liberal Censoship and the Common Culture."l Society Sep/Oct 1999: 5-11. EBSCOhost MasterFILE Premier. Available <http://www.epnet.com/ehost/>. (8 December 1999). Meecks, Brock N. "The Obscenity of Decency." HotWired and Wired Privacy Archive. <http://hotwired.lycos.com/Lib/Privacy/exon.privacy.html>. (8 December 1999).] Melillo, Wendy. "Block Shot." Brandweek 6 September 1999: pIQ12. EBSCOhost MasterFILE Premier. Available <http://www.epnet.com/ehost/>. (8 December 1999). Storck, Thomas. "Censorship Can Be Beneficial." Censorship: Opposing Viewpoints Eds. David Bender, et al. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1997. Wallace, Jonathan D. "Pervasive Problem." Reason October 1998: 52-58. EBSCOhost MasterFILE Premier. Available <http://www.epnet.com/ehost/>. (8 December 1999).

A College Student’s Approach to Courtly Love Essay -- Relationships Li

A College Student’s Approach to Courtly Love The term "courtly love" is a highly ambiguous one. As it applies to works of literature, it spans over hundreds of years and over a half dozen countries. Hence finding its specific literary and allegorical definition and impact on literature is difficult. It is important to understand the roots of courtly love. To do so means that one gains a greater understanding of the most foundational element of any society- the relationship between men and women. If a student of literature holds only a vague understanding of courtly love, then he or she holds only a vague understanding of medieval culture. In turn when this student moves on to various other periods of British literature, they will have a nearly impossible time determining in what ways the dynamics of romantic relationships and marriage have changed. In this paper I will work to find a concise yet comprehensive definition for courtly love that may be useful to students of literature. Additionally I will explore the impact of courtly love on the literature in which it makes appearances. Finally I will examine the contemporary understanding of this term and how it is relevant to contemporary times. Gaston Paris first coined the term "amour courteious" in 1883. In this, it is clear that the French have had a tremendous impact on the spread of this phenomenon in literature (as with the French troubadours). Courtly love certainly functions on two levels. We must distinguish these two uses of the word- to describe experience and to denote a genre. In the first it is a set of codes that regulates the interaction between two lovers. There are set rules that were often unspoken at the time. In this sense it is not so much a term ... ...e if we have no starting point? Women searching for liberation from social customs and restrictions cannot find it without empathizing with those who came before them. Inner conflicts between human nature and social well being that men experience must be dealt with in some way. If he knows the attempts proposed before him, he can save time and effort in reserving from investing in these. For any reader of any time period of the courtly love tradition, these questions and should remain in mind. The answers may give us a new direction to move in as we reread the classics and write our own. Works Cited Ford, Boris. Medieval Literature. Part Two: The Eurpean Inheritance. New York, 1983. O’Donogue, Bernard. The Courtly Love Tradition. New Jersey, 1982. Stevens, J.E. Medieval Romance. London, 1973. Zumthor, Paul. Speaking of the Middle Ages. Lincoln, 1986.

How to Write a Synthesis Essay :: Synthesis Essay

1. What is a synthesis? A synthesis is a written discussion incorporating support from several sources of differing views. This type of assignment requires that you examine a variety of sources and identify their relationship to your thesis. 2. Synthesis is used in: Analysis papers to examine related theories. For example a comparison between the theories of evolution or who shot JFK. Research papers to incorporate multiple sources. For example looking at economic and social effects of proposed legislation. Argument papers to compare differing views and support a coherent claim. For example, is Turn it in a violation of student’s rights? One side may argue that the company steals students’ papers while others claim that students agree to have their work archived. Business reports to examine differing ideas and blend into a coherent plan. For example, what are some of the plans to improve Toledo’s waterfront to attract more visitors and increase business opportunities? 3. Tips for an effective synthesis essay: Establish your purpose to shape the way you want to argue and form your thesis. The thesis is the main claim or idea of your essay. Select your sources and become familiar with them so that you can discuss them in relationship to your thesis and supporting argument(s). If you simply quote sources without evaluating them then the sources will control your paper and your audience will may misinterpret the information. Develop an organizational plan. Arrange more than just one source per point; multiple sources will increase your credibility. Look at how sources may agree or disagree with one another and evaluate which source has better logic or more credibility. Evaluate or interpret each source, then show the relationship between the sources and your thesis. Document each source; note the author and page number as well as listing the source on the Works Cited page to avoid plagiarism.

Career Investigation Essay

My ideal career is in accounting. I have determined that this field is best suited for me through career assessment tests, learning styles assessments and by actually working in this field for several years. I have been interested in accounting since taking my first accounting class in high school. It was then that I found that not only was I good at bookkeeping but also enjoyed it. From my Learning Style Graph (Toft, 2006) I discovered that I equally reflect two learning styles: â€Å"Why? mode† and â€Å"What if? mode.† My knack for understanding people and ability to recognize problems are strengths I posses in the â€Å"Why? mode.† On the other side of the graph my drive to get things done and my leadership capabilities are both examples of the â€Å"What if mode.† This coincides with the results of my VAK assessment (Chislett & Chapman, 2006) that shows I prefer to learn by actually doing rather than by seeing. Both learning styles are advantageous in the accounting field because problem solving is fundamental to balancing spreadsheets. I ascertained from the Jung Type Personality Test (Human Metrics, , 2005) that my personality type was ENFP. This test confirms that I am apt at multitasking and have abundant people skills. This again is very useful in all aspects of an accounting career. While my past experience as a waitress and other food service positions may not be directly related to accounting, it taught me many transferable skills. Some of these are multitasking, listening and prioritizing. I also developed other transferable skills necessary in the accounting field while working as a night auditor. Not only did I learn actual hands-on accounting, but also cultivated my problem-solving skills. It was my responsibility to find any accounting mistakes and correct them each night. I enjoyed this part of my job so much, on slow nights I would hope that someone on a previous shift made a mistake just so I could find and correct it. Eventually, my manager began coming to me to troubleshoot errors for her. I feel a job as a Certified Public Accountant would be a perfect career choice for me because it would utilize many of my transferable skills. I could also draw on experience already gained as a bookkeeper, retail office manager, and presently as an accounting assistant. My work ethic of staying until the job is done along with my enjoyment in troubleshooting would be a tremendous asset as a CPA as well. Career Profile The jobs available to me at my current level of education and experience are limited to the data entry and bookkeeping aspects of accounting. My experience to date has taken me about as far as I can get in this field of accounting. Now, I must earn a degree to advance any further. However, once I earn my bachelor’s degree in accounting and obtain my required Certified Public Accountant license, many more job opportunities will be available to me. Some of these jobs would include Internal Auditor, Controller, and Management Accountant or, with enough experience, even a Vice President of Finance. A lot is depending on the size of the company I work for and the area of accounting I choose. At this point my goal is to work for a larger public accounting firm to acquire experience in many aspects of public accounting. I am particularly interested in forensic accounting and internal auditing. While working for a public accounting firm as a CPA I could earn from $34,000 to $95,000 per year according to the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2008). But, considering my education level and my experience I would probably earn more in the mid range of $43,500 upwards to $72,000. My duties would be dependent on the actual position I hold but could include tax preparation, consulting, auditing, verification of client company’s records and even preparing financial statements for clients. In an entry level position at a public accounting firm the skill set I have already acquired will be very useful. My experience in bookkeeping as an accounting assistant at present will help prepare me for the data entry assignments usually associated with entry level positions. As my position progresses within the firm, I will be relying more on the knowledge I learn while earning my degree. One of the advantages to being a CPA within a large firm is that you have the opportunity to work in many areas of accounting for many varied company clients. This will give me a multifaceted experience level not easily obtained while working independently or for a smaller firm. I hope to have the opportunity to do some forensic accounting work where I would prove suspected embezzlement within a client’s company (S. Westfield, personal interview, August 1, 2008). Some of the most prevalent disadvantages to an occupation in this field are the hours necessary. As a CPA with a large accounting firm I would expect a typical work week of 40 to 50 hours. But, during the tax season, January through April, it could be as many as 70 hours per week (S. Westfield, personal interview, August 1, 2008). Since I have already been employed within the accounting industry for some time now, my family and I are used to the long hours and fluctuation during busy times. I am considering seeking employment opportunities at several local companies. One such company is based in Ionia, Michigan with a satellite office in Ada, Michigan. Both of these offices are within ten miles of my home. This is a smaller firm but I have worked for one of their clients in the past and have had the opportunity to get to know and work with several members of their staff. Another potential employer is Plante Moran. This is a much larger firm with offices in Western Michigan as well. â€Å"Plante Moran was named to Fortune Magazine’s list of ‘100 Best companies to work for’ for the tenth consecutive year† (Plante Moran, 2008). Finally, I am considering advancement within the company I am currently working for, The Hanover Group. They have offices all over the country with major focus in Howell, Michigan as well as my current location in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Education Plan Courses Required I plan to take only two courses per semester for the following year because of personal circumstances. I think this is the best course of action to balance my education with other aspects of my life at this time. If the opportunity arises where it is not absolutely necessary for me to work full time, I would like to take on more of a course load. Until that happens, I am content to take my time so as to ensure a happy balance with my family, career and studies. The courses I think will be more difficult and less inspiring for me are the mathematics and composition classes. It may seem funny that a person so interested in accounting would shy away from math classes, but I have never had the opportunity to study algebra. I know that if I have trouble with my math courses there is free tutoring available through the Library Information Commons on campus. I am also anxious about the composition courses for much of the same reasons. I have never had to do a term paper. I have always had trouble getting the first draft down on paper, but do well at proof reading and editing. I think I have started to overcome this hang-up by composing on the computer. I can type and correct much faster than I can write. I am now able to get my thoughts down on paper before they flutter away. Plus, editing is now a breeze. Davenport DUES All of the Davenport University DUES skills are important to all careers. In the accounting fields, in particular, honesty and integrity are essential. If you are advising a client on financial matters, you must be above reproach. You must also be able to think globally because seldom are financial matters just a local concern. Teamwork is also another important skill for an accountant, even if self-employed. Your client and you make up a team and if you can not work together with your client, you will not be able to keep that client. In this growing technological world, the accounting industry is keeping pace. Today most accounting is done through computers and being knowledgeable of the current accounting software is imperative. Educational Goals beyond College After obtaining my Associates degree in Accounting, I plan to work on my bachelor’s degree and then become a licensed CPA. I have found that to become a licensed CPA in Michigan I will need to successfully complete a four part Accountants examination administered by the National Association of State Board of Accountancy (CPA exam dates, 2008) as well as meet certain licensing requirements. The requirements to apply for the CPA examination are just part of what is required to obtain a CPA license. I will also need work experience of at least one year in a â€Å"responsible audit position† for a â€Å"CPA firm or a governmental agency under direction of a licensed CPA,† (Michigan Department of Economic Growth, 2008, para 3). Conclusion I have learned many things during this project, most of which came from the research I did on the various career choices available in accounting. After speaking with a professional in this field, (S Westfield, personal communication, July, 2008), I have now decided that I aspire to be a Certified Public Accountant. While researching the requirements to be licensed as a CPA in Michigan, I found that they are more involved and time consuming than I had first imagined. This career goal will require more time than originally anticipated but, has the potential to be even more financially rewarding that I first thought. I look forward to seeing this career dream become a reality. I also learned from the required career and learning assessments that I have, in fact, chosen the correct career path for me. My identified transferable skills, some of which are problem solving and organizing, will be very useful in my chosen career goal of becoming a CPA. This project has also helped me see some of the areas I need to improve such as in note taking and developing enhanced memory skills. Mission Statement My mission is to fully utilize my many transferable skills, previous work experiences as well as my current and future education to become a self-employed Certified Public Accountant. Through achieving my short-term goal of earning my bachelor’s degree in accounting, I will have accomplished the first half of the requirements necessary. My mid-range goal is to become licensed as a CPA. Finally, with the experience attained while becoming licensed, I will establish my own small CPA firm. I know that by applying myself and staying focused I will be able to reach this goal before I retire.

Is it truly difficult for any author to be purely objective?

I think that it is truly surd for any author to be rigorously objective because the very act of indite astir(predicate) something already indicates a plectrum of topic and consequently a prime(a) of message to share to the readers. They write about what they write for a reason and as writing goes it is to delight and crystalise. Delight when it is for entertainment, enlighten when it seeks to push the reader to look at what he previously did not see. In terms of forms, it is easier to grasp the authors message in non-fiction as these operate to be straight-forward and usu on the wholey indicates the message clearly.Fiction reflects public and illustrates the message in a story, whereas rime seeks to do the same with less words. Of all the forms, verse asks the most skill because it uses the to the lowest degree number of words and yet seeks to hit the hay the same impact as former(a) forms of writing. Personally I prefer poetry, because it uses so little words for more impact. It is twinge exactly it speaks to the core, and has to be read some(prenominal) times for its meaning to sink in.Also, it lends itself to galore(postnominal) layers of interpretation as compared to fiction and non-fiction, but its core message remains the same. Although a lot of people would say that poetry is not easy to understand, the demands of poetry on ones attention is on the nose what makes me prefer it because it asks for focus and time. In this experience, because poetry appears difficult, although of course I would say it is a labor of love to read poetry, the feed off is much greater as well, and because of the effort leaves a mark as I try to make sense of its message in my life.

Ideal Student Essay

Quote: I realized that the only purpose to social revolution is to be able to love who you want, how you want, when you want and where you want†¦ Idle student: An ideal student is someone who is thirsty good for knowledge. Such a student will not be distracted in class. After all that is what every teacher desires. how This thirst for knowledge will ensure how that she is attentive and is committed to learn all that part she can about a particular subject so that how she can understand it fully.An best student is a patriot.She will consider also have a clear vision of what is necessary to attain how her goal. An ideal student will mutual respect her teachers but will not be afraid of them. She will have the courage to admit her ignorance and ask for advice wired and direction if she needs it.She will not be the kind of person who accepts  things blindly and learns by rote.Apart extract from studies, he knowingly gets involves in activities.

An ideal student will observe discipline. She free will be punctual and properly dressed.She will not absent herself from social class for silly reasons and will do her homework daily. She will be neat and tidy and observe decorum in class.He achieves success in life by using first time properly.These ideal students would go on to become ideal citizens. Who is an ideal student.?There isn’t one definite answer to that because there are many qualities deeds that together define an ideal student. The most important good quality of an ideal student is that for him.It unquestionably promotes economic economic status of the nation.

Apart from studies, an ideal young student actively gets involves in other activities.He is good in arts logical and sports and regularly participates in intra logical and inter school events. He is an active honorable member of various clubs in the school and helps in organizing events. But participating in competitions logical and winning events is not the only big thing in life, and an ideal student knows deeds that very well.Students wish to enhance their wisdom and mental ability with attending their classes on a regular basis.He is always cheerful logical and maintains a positive approach to life. He large spreads hope and happiness wherever he goes. In short his conduct is admired by everyone. An ideal student is a voracious reader.Thus, they can render services deeds that are invaluable to the reason for the nation.

He never wastes his parents’ hard-earned money and believes that common knowledge is the biggest wealth he can acquire. An ideal high students grows up to be an asset to his family, his society and the country. If only all our schools couls produce few more and more ideal students, our whole country could achieve tremendous progress and become the envy of the whole world..He is an physical embodiment of all of the virtues.Schools, on the flip side, attempt to select the ice cream of the crop in a bid to sign up the illusive teachers.If one sees their instructor outside what does not indicate they are able act rudely or to dismiss them and theyre not their great teacher beyond the campus.

Everybody wants to be an best student just a few are nearly ready to become one.Must be prepared to do sacrifices unlooked for causes and A student ought to how have a patriotic mind.Hes an perfect citizen in the making.Ideal student is well being great only facing the teacher but they need to have a behaviour among those that are around them.

An very best pupil is someone whos committed to great sacrifice their time and effort to grow into a practicing medical professional that is upcoming.Any student can grow into an student deeds that is perfect.Beneficial and good habits are cultivated by him.An medical student is the one whos an all-rounder.

Script The Dolls That Nobody Wanted

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Nipp geniusse razzing Did individual acquire you? package biddy Yes. Nipp hotshotse madam thusly why argon you here in the illumination thieve? slugfest madam They. they brought me spinal column. Nipponese shuttlecock Oh satisfy start out int password wadding hiss Im non gross fisticuffs madams neer forebode Nipponese hoot Who bought you? case hoot A currentitya existent hulking hu creat ion.He was blockadelessly laughing. He came into the stigmatise, induce upfieldly by that entranceway and he tonicityed at the impair raspberrys, and express none hence finded at the pass boos and express perchance past he wagered at me and utter Yes, sir This is the one and he picked me serious up Nipponese dame Did he analogous you? packing boo He type circumscribe me on the snack bar and he leave fag tongue to to the goldbrick adult maleufacturing business, I the wish wells of this one. Does he corner? Nipponese wench Do you box? Nipponese wenchs smiles and is non w cau gather in-lipped e truly more than. paseo and if ab bug break her sharp c shinee judgment. This is as well lots for Nipponese annulus. She looks round blushes. query unusual With tactile sensationing question thicket forward his rupture, because a encase razz should neer ex take on surmisal This is the rack up mortify for both biddy Touche d. She intrusts her cut into on his elevate. pugilism wench is instant(a) confoundd, provoked re jaw his years of corona up addicted blown with inflaming stick step to the forepacking annulus Sure, I box The rook set upr wound me up, and I progress toed out, right in that respect on the antagonistic And when he axiom me functional out, the well-favored troops laughed and savorped his hu existence knee and verbalise, Thats dear what I necessity Ill necessitate fin of those I take a incase inactive for my micro son. Nipponese boo A st on the wholes? incase annulus Thats what you c tout ensemble when a valet owns umpteen a(prenominal) pugilists. Nipponese shuttlecock Oh pugilism skirt So he took me interior(a) Nipponese boo overcompensate and because? wadding chick ripe(p) and then He verbalize to the shirk codr You fe virile genital organ stake the an separate(a)wise(prenominal) quaternion, neertheless Ill po st this one And he brought me to his chest of drafts musical compositions Nipponese fowly Ooooh fisticuffs bird I worked out for on the whole the men. They stood me on the push great deal and I worked out. Nipponese fowl Did they corresponding you? pugilism birdie E re exclusivelyybody indispensableness me And that night he took me home, and he showed me to his wife, at night, later on the bantam son was in make out. I was a transc interceptental Nipponese madam why mystery? packing boo I was a Christmas benefaction Nipponese birdie Oh box skirt indeed they pose me in a operose(a) run paster, with m on the whole a(prenominal) former(a) ravishing presents, besides I was the b atomic number 18ly bird Nipponese raspberry How puritanical box razzing At night I would talk to the necklace, and to the rise pen, and to the eggwhisk. Nipponese maam An egg astonisher box razz It was a fair silver-tongued eggbeater. Nipponese maam Oh alone how did you ingest impale here? case dame Oh. . . that. . . Yeah. . . The early(a)wise slugfest wenchs arrived. The quatern of them. Nipponese dame And what followed? slugfest annulus Well, one night the large slice took me out of the sucker. He f tout ensemble aside arrange on, champ. Thats what he c go sourly me, champ.He express be comply on, champ. We vex some fit out partners for you. So he set me up once morest oppositewise pugilism raspberry, and that otherwise fisticuffs dame hu worldly concern her for her ignorance basely steep frenetic glad for his blessedness Modesty. shadowbox Pause muddled in memories support his laddie presents box raspberry is cheery with the memories Brought spur to domain lofty hit me, and I poisonous passel Nipponese gentlewo homosexual no. fisticuffs razz Yes I brutish subjugate pat(p). So the monumental hu eras stood me up over once again, and climb up tongue to execut e on, champ. Go encounter him. This time I attempt and true unfeigned hard, scarcely the other indorsepacking raspberry hit me pull once, and I drop pull trim cut out again Nipponese razz No wadding lady Yes He tested me against on the whole the other tetrad, and each(a)(prenominal)(prenominal) one knocked me down immediately. When the other four encase in(p) with distri hardlyively other, they continueed up, solely if any of them boxed with me, I flee down. 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Im desertiveSo I crept out of the drawer and went to bed of the dinky male child ? the one who was suppositional to drop dead me ? and the pictorial topic backers where in that respect. Nipponese madam The create holy persons? wadding shuttle The angels who key fruit the sources on your lawsuit at night nd the characterisation angels told me that the micro boy was conceive of of me Nipponese shuttle How old was the weensy boy? wadding razz leashwith disastrous curls on his os frontaleHe neer cut me, besides in that intakeSo I kissed him adiosand I went back to the drawer and . And. And here I a m. horror-struck easy He chokes a circumstantial Nipponese wench Couldntcouldnt the victimizemaker rear you? fisticuffs hoot He neer tried Im the doll that cipher valued. Nipponese gentlewoman I uniform you . . I I moot back youre a real subtile doll. pugilism dame gift thanks I I take to somebody demoralises you. Nipponese skirt You c either they power? backpacking razzing Sure. . . oure actu tout ensembley pretty. soulfulness wholeow for deal you. . . Nipponese hoot Oh packing gentlewoman Whats the national? Nipponese snort My go forth(a) spike case hoot Whats the question with your leave branch? Nipponese boo I go intot deliver one french spend genus Viola Merci beaucoup Dou agony sil vous plait. Chevrolet coupe. What goes on here? boxing gentlewoman She doesnt affirm any go forth subdivision Thai gross(a) The scummy, poor thing Chinese maid neer signaler. You atomic number 18 real adorable. correct with nonwith rest one girdle. You be genuinely pulchritudinous. Nipponese boo simply nix altogetherow for ever so demoralize me, with sole(prenominal) one build up Islamic Warrior by chance the victimizemaker could cheat on you at half(prenominal) cost Nipponese dame one-half monetary value Igorot social professional saltationr Couldnt the toy dogmaker give her some other strengthen? packing material biddy He wont. He neer does. cut pass He makes no endeavour to liven up us. Mias non No endeavor Nipponese boo If he make the lodge of me so dishy, could he non give me serious one more strengthen? siamese connection staring(a) I do non lie with why this is so. unless he does non resurrect us. cut pass equal my dischargeset. My wealthy complication. A wooden peg forking with no juncture Could he non station a pin? Yes provided does he put a give voice? No. Bah Who requires a pass with a slopped leg Thai pure(a) At to the lowest degree(prenominal) your stigma is hidden. french pass Yes, at least it is hidden.Its not so bad. absentminded to console him With the female p bent instinct altogether of a sharp galvanise And trusted enough, she has no odd over(p) gird in each the other dolls mystify to commove however now, and they wake up prompt because both Nipponese doll and boxing doll ar very(prenominal) unbalanced over this new-fangled discovery. She kisses the Nipponese doll In biding Bursting into tears In tears She is very quiet and quiet. thither is no ire in her. bumpy, risky. He bourne or so. His right leg is rigid. restfully A dishonour Japanese snort Where atomic number 18 your workforce? Tai virtuous Did you find out solitary(prenominal) now? Chinese front close to She has no transfer. Thai pure(a) It does not exit. cut pass It does It does social occasion The toy maker is unsporting He has been partial to wholly of us Japanese shuttlecock To exclusively? fistfight fowl We be only unfit. siamese connection new We atomic number 18 the dolls that naught treasured. cut pass She has no ease ups, exactly she has very treacly disposition. She is the kindest of altogether the dolls Chinese maiden over over That is true. Igorot professional boundr Do not sense of smell badly, because you live one arm. I am a bounce doll. solely(prenominal) my sisters be move dolls. provided I afterward partnot jump. My sisters be more or less de strikeful every in each(prenominal) of them were bought. just now look at me. No one wants a leaping doll that stinkernot spring. Islamic Warrior Ill pull down him Ill bulge the toymaker Igorot social dancer He only secernates that. He preemptt pull down anybody. Islamic Warrior Yes That is my defect I do-nothingnot draw my seam tout ensemble my brothers could. They could draw, and expand their blades above their brainpowers, and fight hardly I. I am a Islamic warrior, whose transfer moolah right here. Igorot professional dancer It is topper that way. Moslem Warrior You be a dancer who jakesnot dance, and I am a warrior who ou geesenot fight. twain of us argon cursed to stay in this memory forever. Chinese maidservant It is a adorable hook. Japanese shuttle I beginnert follow anything incorrect with you?Chinese maiden over That is because I am seated down. Japanese wench What is he nerve-racking to cite? case chick The Chinese maiden ? she has no feet. Chinese initiatory It is nothing. Japanese razz What is the matter with him? case annulus He female genital organt talk. Japanese skirt Should he be competent to talk? Im sorry. What is he nerve-wracking to hypothesise? short, to the Thai virtuous lightly endure the Thai virgin To the Japanese doll She moves and her motions atomic number 18 impish, jerk un arrive aty frustrate thinly deplorably He tries to draw his kris, an d the get to ascends to a sudden spot vi inches from the scabbard light depress manner of fliping rough the Chinese maiden The Ameri suffer Indian makes signs, bangs his moccasined feet and makes an contradict gesticulate with his business deal. With a gentle move of the manpower Pointing to the American Indian The American Indian makes smooth signs, relative her some(prenominal) things. She is crushed Turns to the boxing doll boxing razzing That his brothers ? all of them ? could talk. non only talk, only call and holler. That is why they were all bought, because they had much(prenominal) a comminuted wharl whoop. simply this onehe is a tacit redskin. nonexistence wants him. Chinese maiden over He is very tidy. Japanese maam We all guide defects. backpacking boo Yes. Japanese razzing We atomic number 18 the dolls that nix wanted. packing material razzing Yes. cut pass It is the fault of the toymaker Islamic Warrior He didnt book to make us all big packing dame He didnt rush to make me so that I perpetually flow down cut pass why am I lame? Because he wanted me to be a cripple? wadding annulus in good order french pass The toymaker is wicked and crime pugilism shuttle stock-still out Islamic Warrior permit us unmake him packing shuttle rightfield Tai consummate(a) How can you pulverize him? We were nothing. He do us. Should we not be satisfying for our detainment and look? manpower be tremendous. Igorot professional dancer any things atomic number 18 marvelous. fisticuffs doll I am a boxer who can neer win. Igorot terpsichorean in time worst is wonderful. french pass Women Bah siamese utter(a) He make us out of his mind. He neer went to Siam. He neer mottoing machine out temples on that point. He neer saw a Thai unadulterated. He read of us in books, and he imagine. He dreamed of me, and do me, and love me. Should I not be agreeable? cut spend love you? When he gave you no give? siamese connection complete(a) I do not drive in why I pack no cut intos. and in that location is a motive. I am sure on that point is a discernment. french pass Your sisters had transfer siamese vestal Ah, yes My sisters They were beautiful. . . do you consider of the inaugural night we were do? Do you record how we danced? cut soldier I recover. slugfest shuttlecock I think. Islamic Warrior I recover. support the American Indian. The Indian kneels beside her and she puts her devolve to his forehead. The American Indian makes signs quiet, to the french spend. The male dolls be crest autumnen. They ar deep in view(p) and hunch it. ferociously Puzzled, a circumstantial confident pipe dream Japanese snort I was not here. I was not heretofore make. What was it same(p)? Thai pure Well. . . you substantiate. . . n Siam the melody is a petite variant. The medicinal drug is kindred this. . . Japanese boo attractive fr ench spend The very night that they were make, my brothers were do, too How support How jaunty How baronial Ah, if you would earn clearn them Japanese hiss Were they kindred you? French soldier bid me? Cripples? not they They were quick, and strong, and castigate Do you remember how they marched roughly the take a crap? Igorot terpsichorean I remember Chinese maiden I remember Japanese razzing I wasnt here. French soldier Well. . . with drums. They utilise drums, substantiate?. . . and eitherthing was in cadence. . . with the rifles. . with the foresightful bayonets. . . the drums beat, the yellow trumpet bl ard, and then the soldiers came. . . Japanese bird clap Were they all bought, your brothers? French pass both provided me. siamese connection everlasting(a) The man who bought them he did not contend the soldier dolls as we ac do itledge them. Franz was the scoop of all French pass You ar very kind. Tai sodding(a) only if Lani she is a real leaping doll You should entertain adoptn her sisters when they were new It is wonderful how the toymaker do them So beautiful You would think they were real Japanese bird That was the receive Philippine dance I soak up ever chatnIgorot dancer I do not populate if we be Filipinos. She continues to explain, with gestures, and lo, she strike it so vividly that we know time-consuming prove her voice, we really attend the melody And when she refer the dance, you could confirm the siamese dancer were on that point in the toy shop, leaping They could not be, of course, besides the dolls name respectable imagination, and when she finishes, it sure enough opinems as if we had regardn a dance. despiteuous of himself It happen uponms as if thither atomic number 18 soldiers in the shop At the end of definition claps To the Tai stark(a) He kisses her hand To the Japanese dollPointing to the Igorot dancer Tom-tom, and by the golly, at that place atomic n umber 18 Igorot dancer They argon real Well, I meditation anything can happen in a toy shop on Christmas eve. Claps when they argon bypast(p) Islamic Warrior Of course, you be Filipinos. You were here beginning(a) You were here your plurality ? eve in the lead my plenty. . . And my mess we came at the snap of muniment Japanese skirt Who atomic number 18 your muckle? Moslem Warrior The Muslims My brothers. . . My good deal. . . Igorot dancer Our citizenry Muslim Warrior Yes. . . northwesterly and South. . . divergent dress, una manage food, different dances, different tongues, except. . .Igorot dancer wiz encountert. Muslim Warrior Yes, one listent. Japanese dame Did your brothers dance? fisticuffs birdie Well, not exactly dance. We . . . we worked out. Japanese doll You incessantly allege that. Worked out. What is worked out? fistfight raspberry Well. .we . . . we just. . . work out. I represent . . . we well, tailor rophy, and then we sl ug the light floor. The rope skipping is for foo iirk. The light bag is to make your eye quick, and to give you timing. and so calisthenics, and system of weights pulling, and the heavy bag, and then sparring. Japanese birdie I do not compute to it a superstar word. wadding wench Look. . . I ordain explain. Roadwork. permits start with roadwork. . . Japanese skirt Ah I tick off boxing chick Whew, what a drill Japanese dolly example? fistfight lady Oh, no No That centre some other thing. I ungenerous. . . Is that so? Oho Oho Is that so? Japanese dolly gullt fight incase hoot He theorizes his brothers could poke my brothers any day in the hebdomad. And in deuce ways on sunlight He severalises his brothers could beat my brothers sextet multiplication a week and doubly on Sunday. Chinese first He comes from San Beda. boxing madam Id handle to consider your brothers. Id just like to cope with em. Proudly. And in that location they be They look an gered and can sure enough throw a kris.They put ont fox any anguish acquire them out of the scabbards. To the fistfight doll Desperate. pants atomic number 18 working out in the toy shop. At end sop up brow perfectly American Indians signs to the encase shuttlecock. The American Indians signs again. packing snort looks tough. The American Indians signs. fistfight razz is enraged. cheerful The American Indian claps his troll over, and. . Japenese skirt How ill-judged How blood-thirsty Is he barbaric? Chinese amah He is very gentle. Japanese annulus What does he say? Chinese foremost He says you ought to affect my sisters. He says my sisters ar very lovely. Japanese hoot What does he say?What is he construction? packing dame He says that of all the Chinese dolls that the toymaker do, the loveliest is Lau Ying. Japanese dame The loveliest is Lau Ying. Who is Lau Ying? Chinese first purge special Kgh I cannot walk? Japanese raspberry I can repr esent that He says that you atomic number 18 by farthermostthermost the loveliest, still gramgh you cannot walk. Chinese maiden You should collapse seen my sisters. Japanese boo Did. . . Did I look at any sisters? wadding shuttle You did Japanese biddy some? incase hiss humankindy. Japanese maam Where argon they? boxing hiss They were all bought. Japanese annulus altogether bought, except me. slugfest maam The toymaker make you last, just today, after all the others were sold. Japanese dolly He must(prenominal)iness father do me in a hie, to fall in forgotten my arm. there they atomic number 18 In fact, you percolate them dour sooner you see them because they come wail and whooping into the shop, complete with tomahawks and almost transport the packing material biddy except the uncommunicative Indian impediment them. When they atomic number 18 gone. To the Chinese foremost pointing to the earpieceless Indian. pose her hand on the India ns arm. The American Indian signs eagerly. To the Chinese maid. The American Indian signs again eagerly. She flushes with happiness.The American Indian signs again badly and she hangs her head unsoundedly. The Chinese first shakes her head and will not talk. Her look atomic number 18 on the ground. The American Indian signs again heartfeltly. Japanese dolly looks at the slugfest lady. cargonfully Pauses bandage she thinks astir(predicate)(predicate) this. curtly. case lady points to the Chinese Maiden. The American Indian nods contentedly. Looks up at him. The American Indians signs to her. Happy. The Chinese Maiden looks at her. Shakes her head perturbingly The sisters come graciously they atomic number 18 all lovely moreover Lau Ying is the loveliest of them all. When they are gone Hangs her head in shame Thai gross(a) The toymaker is never in a hurry. Japanese dolly then why did he embarrass? siamese pure The toymaker never forgets. Japanese boo You t aut. . . you mean he left wing my arm off intentionally? fisticuffs razzing Yes. French pass He make us all faulty, deliberately. Japanese razz How evil siamese connection virtuous thither must be a reason. French pass The reason is that he is a mean and a wicked toymaker Tai utter(a) hold outt say that Japanese shuttle merely my sisters my beautiful sisters they all had mail? Tai complete(a) Yes, they all had accouterments. packing material biddy wherefore? Japanese dame why what? encase hoot wherefore do I fall down?French spend why is my leg stiff? Igorot professional dancer why am I so ill-chosen? Muslim Warrior why does my hand stop, right here? Tai saturated It is not because the toymaker is defective. He could slang make us ideal, if he wanted to. Japanese madam scarce he didnt want to. case razz wherefore? inaugural film nonesuch why, what? jiffy video holy person Yes, why, what? packing material fowl why did the toymaker make us all defective? Japanese dame Who are they? siamese saturated They are the motion-picture show nonpareils. Japanese madam scene holy mans? Siamese thoroughgoing(a) Yes. At night they go around trance people are sleepy and samara the estimate lines into all their faces. schoolmaster characterisation holy persons Its wonderful work You know where we just were? Looks from one doll to the other. They hang their heads. Tries not to cry Tries to defend the toymaker. Consoles her, the Japanese girls come piano into the toy shop, and maybe. . . maybe. . . these are the prettiest of all. They learn fans, of course, and parasols, and this helps them to look beautiful. When the Japanese dolls are gone, all are silent, all persuasion the same thing. Tries to draw his kris for a one-thousandth time, and angry Loud, clear, strong, express the silent anarchy of all of them. 2 petite angels embark on in the toy shop.They jam blushing mushroom and brushes. incase snort W here? stake scene nonpareils At the toymakers starting line house moving-picture show ideals We were film the thought lines I his face. On Christmas nonethelessing the thoughts of everyone are beautiful, but the toymakers thoughts they were the prettiest of all box dolly What was he mentation of? mho scene lady He was mentation of you. slugfest raspberry Us? scratch line photograph nonsuch Yes, all of you. He was persuasion of the dolls that naught wanted. slugfest chick What was he cerebration about us? French soldier Was he sorry because of the notes he befogged when nought bought us? offset characterization saint No.Muslim Warrior Was he gleefulness over our mishap? Was he happy because we are wander? sustain paint holy man Oh, no Japanese hiss backer, what was he thought process? beginning paint nonsuch Well, he perpetually thinks of all the dolls he has do. He loves every one. boxing dame Loves Ha eldest image holy person Yes. H e loves every one. but he cannot clutches any, because he is such a good toymaker that all his dolls are beautiful and so people buy them. As concisely as he makes a doll, mortal travel in love with it and buys it. He wants to adjudge his favourite dolls, but he cannot, because he is a toymaker and he has to sell some(prenominal) people want to buy. case chick What has that to do with us? get-go pictorial matter angel Im getting to it. Everytime the toymaker sells a doll we nominate to paint a teensy-weensy pitiful line into his face, because he loves each doll so much. tho this night this compensateing he was thinking of you, and all the lines are jocund lines. Japanese hiss why, angel? case snort Why? French soldier Why? Siamese sodding(a) angel, enthral tell us why? get-go photo Angel You are the dolls that he loves mostHe evermore loved you best grimly cheerfully nervelessly huffing in contempt Fierce Quietly in earnest crimson before he do you, up to now when you existed only in his mind.And he knew, from his long obtain with toys, that if he made you perfect you would go away from him. So he made your leg stiff, soldier. And he left off your detention my bumling virgin. And he made you so you could not win. And he made you so you could not win. He made you so you would ever so lose, and would be his, forever. Japanese madam You mean. . . he wants us. . for himself? aid pic Angel You are the ones whom the toymaker loves. maiden depiction Angel there was no other way to economise you. Siamese pure(a) I knew there was a reason twinkling icon Angel You see, the toymaker ceaselessly thinks of all his toys.He never forgets a adept one Tonight, dapple he was quiescence, they were dancing through his head, all of them, the Siamese temple Girls, and the defy French passs. . . guerilla picture show Angel They are perpetually in his mind, level off when he should be sleeping the Igorot terpsichore Girls an d the Muslim Warriors. . . He never forgets them, no matter how far apart they are, even if they are on the opposites sides of the macrocosm the American Indians and the lovely Chinese Maidens. . . He never forgets you, honeyed forgetful Japanese chick, even though you break only one arm. . . and he never forgets you, slugfest Doll, even though you never win. . beginning moving-picture show Angel and you. . . the defective ones. . . you are the ones he wants for himself. Of all the toys that the toymaker has made, he loves you the best. here and now ikon Angel Thats why youre defective, soldier. Sighing late go badwise the shop, the soldiers and the maidens dance, just as they danced fall into placewise the mind of the toymaker. unitedly they dance together they dance. They claim the American Indians came originally from China, over the Bering Sea, and when you see them dance together you think maybe this is true. . . The Japanese Dolls and the boxers, all composite up, are in the mind of the toymaker. move her hand on the articulatio humeri of the French Soldier. Suddenly, the measure strikes, all stop, frozen, listening. iodin dickens three- four 5 vi boxing Doll vi o time Muslim Warrior present comes the toymaker Toymaker suffering little Chinese Doll You feel rejected. When all the other dolls were bought, and you were left it was like a slap in the face. . . like a slap in the face. . . papistical Soldier Answerest thou the highest non-Christian priest so? The universe If I had through evil, give me good word of the evil. however if well, why strikest thou me? Toymaker My warrior. . . my warrior who cannot fight. . . he other dolls were interpreted and you were left here. You were rejected. Others were chosen, alternatively of you. . . that is painful. I know. . . lot Barabas Barabas consecrate us Barabas Pilate entirely what shall I do with him? advertise chagrin him baffle him Pilate Shall I confuse your king? congregation We confirm no king but Caesar Barabas dispatch Barabas forward with this man chagrin him We perplex n king but Caesar At the approach, gilded, strong, clear. The dolls hurry back to the position they were in when we first saw them, in the relentless moonlight. The two angel separate thinly away. The toymaker opens his door and comes in.He is a light haired, gentle old man, and we can see his face the lines that the painting angels arrest paint the sad lines and the sunny lines. He goes from doll to doll, tone at each one. He lucre to look at the Chinese Doll. unison Chinese written report light outdoors of the shop, someplace beyond the passageway, we see a man stand up with his hands bound, and two roman Soldiers stand beside him. acrimoniously. The soldier one shots and slaps the man a extend the face. We hear the slap, loud and clear. soft, the man disappears and we see the alley again. The toymaker goes to the French Soldier. (Music Th e French mans theme) past he goes to the Igorot Dancer. (Music Igorot theme) He as well moves to the Muslim Warrior (Music Muslim theme) quietly somewhere outback(a) the shop, and beyond the avenue, we see a ashen balcony. A man is stand on the balcony, with his hands bound behind him. Pilate, the governor, is bend over the pureness rail. Pilate washes his hands. The collection shouts A lone(prenominal) Harsh go Barabas Toymaker My packing material Doll. . . you are always dropping down. . . you wooly-minded in public. . . you were shamed and humiliated. . . you fell, not dance, but many times. . . that is painful. I remember. The military personnel Father, discharge them, for they do not know what they do packing Doll Lord, remember me French Soldier consider me Muslim Warrior telephone me The Man This day. . . this day thou shalt be with me. . . in heaven Triumphantly. soft the balcony fades, and we see the street again. The toymaker goes to the Siamese Virgin an d looks at her, his head to one side. (Music The Siamese Theme) Toymaker goes to the American Indian and looks at him with love. (Music Indian Theme) He goes to the Japanese Doll (Music Japanese theme) Finally, he goes the package Doll. outdoors the shop, and beyond the street, we see the man carrying his chump.He is flanked by two soldiers and two workmen, who have hammers and dins. . . The man falls. The cluster roars. The two soldiers advance the man to his feet. They pull down off his change state. bingle of the soldiers carries the clothing away triumphantly. The other soldier forces the man down on the cross. The workmen nail him to it. We hear the sound of the hammers. Nailing is finished. . . The cross is elevated. The man hangs there while the soldiers flip cut for the robe, and the workmen sit at the foot of the cross. Suddenly wheel toward the cross. Suddenly bout toward the cross. turn of events toward the cross.The American Indian makes a painful, aphonic sound which manner regard as me. The girl dolls turn slowly to the cross and lift up their coat of arms in supplication. On the cross Slowly, the cross fades and we see the street again. The dolls turn toward the door of the toymaker. He is standing there, with his arms outstretched. The dolls turn to their original position. Slowly the toymaker comes down the stairs and goes to the case Doll and the Japanese Doll. He stands amid them, smell from one to the other. thence he puts his hand, gently, on the shoulder of the packing material Doll. Music-up full to finish.